Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after liver transplantation: Incidence, long-term survival and impact of serum tacrolimus level.

AIM: To investigate incidence and survival of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) patients after liver transplantation.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients who underwent liver transplantation at Shiraz Transplant Center (Shiraz, Iran) between August 2004 and March 2015. Clinical and laboratory data of patients were collected using a data gathering form.
RESULTS: There were 40 cases of PTLD in the pediatric age group and 13 cases in the adult group. The incidence of PTLD was 6.25% in pediatric patients and 1.18% in adult liver transplant recipients. The post-PTLD survival of patients at 6 mo was 75.1% ± 6%, at 1 year was 68.9% ± 6.5% and at 5 years was 39.2% ± 14.2%. Higher serum tacrolimus level was associated with lower post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.006-1.15, P = 0.032). A serum tacrolimus level over 11.1 ng/mL was predictive of post PTLD survival (sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 52%, area under the curve = 0.738, P = 0.035).
CONCLUSION: Incidence of PTLD in our liver transplant patients is comparable to other centers. Transplant physicians may consider adjustment of tacrolimus dose to maintain its serum level below this cutoff point.

Core tip: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is one of the complications that may occur after liver transplantation. The present study is a survival analysis of liver transplant patients after PTLD development. The incidence of PTLD was 6.25% in pediatric patients and 1.18% in adult liver transplant recipients. The main new finding is association of serum tacrolimus level with post-PTLD survival. Higher serum tacrolimus level was associated with lower post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients.

INTRODUCTION

Liver transplantation is an established modality of treatment for end-stage liver diseases of various etiologies. Despite considerable improvement in outcomes of patients, complications frequently occur after transplantation that may have negative impact on survival[1]. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is one of the complications that may occur after liver transplantation and threatens both graft and patient survival. PTLD is generally believed to be a consequence of relative immunodeficiency state secondary to immunosuppressive regimens in these patients[2]. Immunosuppressive therapy results in depressed T-cell function that predisposes patients to lymphoid proliferation[3]. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is the other major risk factor for development of PTLD after liver transplantation and the majority of cases (60%-70%) are EBV-positive[4]. While EBV infection has minimal consequences in normal subjects, in liver transplant recipients it is associated with a spectrum of disorders, ranging from reactive monoclonal hyperplasia to aggressive malignant lymphoma[5]. In immunocompetent subjects, the EBV genome remains latent in resting memory B cells after immortalization[6]. However, after transplantation, long-term immunosuppressive therapy results in depressed T-cell function and lack of T-cell inhibition on B-cell proliferation[7]. This may lead to uncontrolled B-cell proliferation and subsequent hyperplasia, and even malignant transformation.

PTLD is more frequently encountered in pediatric patients, and younger age by itself is a known risk factor for PTLD despite controversies[8]. Another proposed risk factor for PTLD development after liver transplantation is hepatitis C virus infection[9]. With a mortality rate ranging from 12% to 60% in different studies, PTLD has imposed considerable negative impact on transplant patients until recently[10-12]. However, outcomes of patients and survival rates have been substantially improved by using new modalities for treatments, such as rituximab (a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) and sirolimus, in addition to reduced-dose immunosuppression[13-15].

This study aimed to investigate incidence, risk factors (including impact of immunosuppressive regimen) and survival of PTLD patients after liver transplantation in Iranian patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

Shiraz Organ Transplant Center (Shiraz, Iran) is a leading transplant center in Iran, with considerable annual cases of liver transplantation for both adult and pediatric patients. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the adult and pediatric patients (< 18 years) who underwent liver transplantation at Shiraz Transplant Center between August 2004 and March 2015. Clinical and laboratory data of patients were collected using a data gathering form containing information regarding age, sex, underlying liver disease, type of allograft (deceased donor, living related donor, split liver transplantation), time of liver transplantation and time of PTLD development, survival of patients from date of liver transplantation, survival after PTLD diagnosis, immunosuppressive regimen and dosage, rejection episodes, EBV status before and after transplantation, presenting sign and symptoms, PTLD histology, multi-organ involvement, modality of treatment, response to therapy, and serum level of calcineurin inhibitors (including tacrolimus and cyclosporine). All patients received intravenous methylprednisolone as induction of immunosuppression. Patients received tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone as immunosuppressive therapy during their follow-up. Serum tacrolimus level was measured periodically during follow-up for each patient and the last measured serum tacrolimus levels before diagnosis of PTLD were recorded and analyzed for each patient. Patients were treated with rituximab or chemotherapy based on grade, type and invasiveness of PTLD. Change from tacrolimus to sirolimus was applied for all of the patients diagnosed with PTLD. Thirteen patients with positivity for cytomegalovirus (CMV)-DNA were treated with ganciclovir or valganciclovir.

PTLD diagnosis

Diagnosis of PTLD was confirmed by tissue biopsies reviewed by expert pathologists. World Health Organization (WHO) classification for tumors of lymphoid tissue was used for PTLD classification[16]. While diagnosis of PTLD was confirmed, patients underwent staging work-up, including CT scans (abdomen, chest and pelvis) and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy to detect possibility of multiple organ involvement. Frozen section or paraffin immunoperoxidase staining or flow cytometry were applied for immunophenotyping of B-cell- and T-cell-associated antigens, as previously described.

Whether PTLD is monoclonal or polyclonal was determined by flow cytometry on fresh cell suspensions checking immunoglobulin light chain restriction, by immunoperoxidase staining on frozen or paraffin-embedded tissues or by southern blot on frozen tissues checking immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor gene rearrangements[17].

Based on these classification, one patient had nodular sclerosis Hodgkin disease, one had plasmacytoma, and others had polymorphic and monomorphic B cell lymphoma.

Ethics and consent

The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The study protocol was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in Seoul 2008. Written informed consent was obtained from patients.

Statistical analysis

Comparisons of continuous variables were performed with the Student’s t-test, and categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used when appropriate. Data were presented using mean ± standard deviation for numeric variables, and percent and counts for categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for analysis of time to PTLD development and survival after PTLD diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to calculate the influence of probable risk factors on PTLD development and survival. Rejection episodes were considered a time varying statistical variable, and rejections that occurred after PTLD development were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). A P value of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

PTLD characteristics and post-PTLD survival

Overall, 53 patients were diagnosed with PTLD. There were 40 cases of PTLD in the pediatric age group and 13 cases in the adult group. The incidence of PTLD was 6.25% in the pediatric patients and 1.18% in the adult liver transplant recipients. The baseline characteristics of PTLD patients are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients

	Pediatrics	Adults	Overall
Number	40	13	53
Mean age in years	5.05 ± 4.43	42 ± 13.39	14.11 ± 17.71
Sex, male/female	23/17	10/3	33/20
Allograft
Living donor	28	0	28
Deceased donor	12	13	25
Presenting sign and symptoms
LAP	18	9	27
Fever	13	1	14
Abdominal pain	15	3	18
Diarrhea	5	0	5
Weight loss	0	1	1
Cough and dyspnea	1	0	1
Bowel obstruction	1	0	1
Unilateral weakness	1	0	1
Underlying liver disease
HBV cirrhosis	0	5	5
Cryptogenic cirrhosis	0	2	2
PSC	0	2	2
HCV cirrhosis	0	1	1
AIH	2	1	3
Wilson’s disease	1	0	1
PFIC	5	0	5
Crigler-Najjar syndrome	8	0	8
Biliary atresia	12	0	12
Tyrosinemia	10	0	10
Budd-Chiari syndrome	1	1	2
Liver metastasis	0	1	1
Neonatal hepatitis	1	0	1
Immunosuppressive regimen
Prednisolone	39	12	49
Tacrolimus	36	10	46
Mycophenolate mofetil	15	11	26
Cyclosporine	1	4	5
Sirolimus	35	8	43

AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; LAP: Lymphadenopathy; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; PFIC: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

The mean overall (adult and pediatric) post-PTLD survival was 66.29 ± 11.86 mo. The post-PTLD survival of patients at 6 mo was 75.1% ± 6%, at 1 year was 68.9% ± 6.5% and at 5 years was 39.2% ± 14.2% (Figure 1A).

Figure 1

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder survival. A: Pediatric and adult patients; B: Adult patients; C: Pediatric patients. PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

The mean post-PTLD survival in adult patients was 82.94 ± 18.58 mo. The post-PTLD survival of adult patients at 6 mo was 83.9% ± 10.4%, at 1 year was 74.6% ± 12.8% and at 5 years was 59.7% ± 16.8% (Figure 1B).

The mean post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients was 42.61 ± 6.1 mo. The post-PTLD survival of pediatric patients at 6 mo was 72.4% ± 7.1%, at 1 year was 67.1% ± 7.5% and at 5 years was 24.1% ± 18.6% (Figure 1C).

When both pediatric and adult patients were analyzed altogether, multi-organ involvement was significantly associated with lower post-PTLD survival (104.25 ± 9.08 mo vs 27.13 ± 6.30 mo, P = 0.002) (Figure 2A). EBV-positive patients with PTLD had significantly higher mean survival compared to EBV-negative PTLD patients (60.58 ± 7.62 mo vs 16.72 ± 5.66 mo, P = 0.018) (Figure 2B). Other variables including sex, CMV status, rejection episodes, time to PTLD before or after 1 year, and type of allograft had no significant effect on post-PTLD survival (Table 2).

Figure 2

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder survival of pediatric and adult patients. A: Impact of multi-organ involvement; B: Impact of EBV status. EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Table 2

Kaplan-Meier analysis of risk factors and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder survival of pediatric and adult patients

	Mean survival in mo	P value
Sex		0.902
Male	65.65 ± 13.18
Female	36.06 ± 5.30
Multi-organ involvement		0.002
(+)	27.13 ± 6.30
(-)	104.25 ± 9.08
CMV status		0.370
CMV-positive	51.98 ± 10.50
CMV-negative	23.29 ± 5.76
EBV status		0.002
EBV-positive	60.58 ± 7.62
EBV-negative	16.72 ± 5.66
Rejection episode		0.762
(+)	64.90 ± 13.78
(-)	65.86 ± 15.76
Time to PTLD development in years		0.704
≤ 1	62.18 ± 14.03
≥ 1	75.13 ± 12.49
Type of allograft		0.904
Living donor	50.56 ± 6.95
Deceased donor	60.32 ± 14.33

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

We also analyzed the influence of different risk factors on pediatric PTLD patients separately. Multi-organ involvement and EBV negativity were significantly associated with lower mean post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients (Table 3). Higher serum tacrolimus level was associated with lower post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.006-1.15, P = 0.032) (Table 4).

Table 3

Kaplan-Meier analysis of risk factors and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder survival of pediatric patients

	Mean survival in mo	P value
Sex		0.749
Male	41.41 ± 7.38
Female	35.85 ± 5.76
Multi-organ involvement		0.002
(+)	25.82 ± 6.90
(-)	67.62 ± 5.56
CMV status		0.139
CMV-positive	58.82 ± 9.56
CMV-negative	19.35 ± 6.21
EBV status		0.002
EBV-positive	60.58 ± 7.62
EBV-negative	5.58 ± 2.72
Rejection episode		0.888
(+)	43.61 ± 8.49
(-)	36.02 ± 5.24
Time to PTLD development in years		0.326
≤ 1	39.72 ± 6.86
≥ 1	36.45 ± 5.30
Type of allograft		0.806
Living donor	50.56 ± 6.95
Deceased donor	37.37 ± 8.11

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Table 4

Cox regression analysis showing association of different risk factors and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder survival of pediatric patients

	Mean	OR	95%CI	P value
Age in years	5.05	0.94	0.82-1.08	0.434
Time to PTLD in months	15.63	0.96	0.91-1.02	0.242
Tacrolimus level	14.99	1.07	1.006-1.15	0.032
Tacrolimus dose	3.81	1.06	0.67-1.66	0.797
Prednisolone dose	10.12	0.99	0.86-1.13	0.897

PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Impact of multi-organ involvement, and time to PTLD development

Patients were divided into those who developed PTLD in ≤ 1 year and those who developed PTLD in ≥ 1 year. Age, post-PTLD survival, serum tacrolimus level, tacrolimus dose and prednisolone dose were not correlated with time to PTLD development in pediatric patients (P > 0.05) (Table 5). However, multi-organ involvement was more common in patients who developed PTLD within 1 year after liver transplantation (P = 0.007) (Table 6). Multi-organ involvement was also more common in pediatric patients who developed PTLD within 1 year after liver transplantation (P = 0.007) (Table 6).

Table 5

Influence of different continuous variables on time to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder development, mortality and multi-organ involvement of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder patients

	Mean rank PTLD development ≤ 1 yr	Mean rank PTLD development ≥ 1 yr	U value	Z score	P value
Age	19.85	21.85	158	-0.50	0.61
Post-PTLD survival	20.19	21.15	167	-0.24	0.80
Tacrolimus level	16.57	14.61	86	-0.54	0.58
Tacrolimus dose	19.84	18.85	154	-0.27	0.78
Prednisolone dose	20.56	18.88	154	-0.44	0.65
	Alive patient	Deceased patient
Age	23.19	16.47	127.5	-1.78	0.74
Tacrolimus level	13.62	21.00	55	-2.11	0.03
Tacrolimus dose	18.96	20.43	175	-0.40	0.68
Prednisolone dose	19.65	20.57	171	-0.25	0.79
Mean time to PTLD	23.12	16.56	129	-1.74	0.08
	Multi-organ (+)	Multi-organ (-)
Age	19.50	19.50	176	0.00	1.00
Tacrolimus level	16.50	14.74	97	-0.54	0.58
Tacrolimus dose	20.27	18.14	146	-0.60	0.54
Prednisolone dose	19.81	19.27	171	-0.15	0.87
Post-PTLD survival	15.59	22.34	113	-1.85	0.06
Mean time to PTLD	13.62	23.77	82	-2.78	0.005

PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Table 6

Influence of different risk factors on time to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder development

	PTLD development ≤ 1 yr	PTLD development ≥ 1 yr	P value
All PTLD patients
Sex			0.150
Male	17	16
Female	14	6
Multi-organ involvement			0.007
(+)	15	3
(-)	14	18
CMV status			0.186
CMV-positive	9	4
CMV-negative	11	1
EBV status			0.296
EBV-positive	12	5
EBV-negative	8	1
Rejection episode			0.399
(+)	15	9
(-)	16	13
Mortality			0.324
(+)	13	7
(-)	18	15
Type of allograft			0.118
Living donor	19	9
Deceased donor	12	13
Pediatric PTLD patients
Sex			0.496
Male	15	8
Female	12	5
Multi-organ involvement			0.018
(+)	14	2
(-)	11	11
CMV status			0.368
CMV-positive	9	3
CMV-negative	9	1
EBV status			0.184
EBV-positive	12	5
EBV-negative	6	0
Rejection episode			0.587
(+)	13	6
(-)	14	7
Mortality			0.120
(+)	13	3
(-)	14	10
Type of allograft			0.609
Living donor	19	9
Deceased donor	8	4

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Multi-organ involvement was associated with increased mortality after PTLD development (P < 0.05) (Table 7). EBV-positive patients with PTLD had lower mortality when compared to EBV-negative patients (P < 0.05) (Table 7).

Table 7

Influence of different risk factors on mortality after post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

	Alive patient	Deceased patient	P value
All PTLD patients
Sex			0.491
Male	10	13
Female	13	7
Multi-organ involvement			0.001
(+)	6	12
(-)	26	6
CMV status			0.284
CMV-positive	9	4
CMV-negative	6	6
EBV status			0.042
EBV-positive	13	4
EBV-negative	3	6
Rejection episode			0.600
(+)	15	9
(-)	18	11
Type of allograft			0.485
Living donor	18	10
Deceased donor	15	10
Pediatric PTLD patients
Sex			0.424
Male	13	10
Female	11	6
Multi-organ involvement			0.001
(+)	5	11
(-)	19	3
CMV status			0.110
CMV-positive	9	3
CMV-negative	4	6
EBV status			0.018
EBV-positive	13	4
EBV-negative	1	5
Rejection episode			0.525
(+)	11	8
(-)	13	8
Type of allograft			0.309
Living donor	18	10
Deceased donor	6	6

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Multi-organ involvement was not associated with age, serum tacrolimus level, tacrolimus dose, prednisolone dose in univariate analysis (Table 5). EBV-positive patients were less likely to have multi-organ involvement in comparison with EBV- negative patients (P = 0.008) (Table 8). Pediatric patients who received liver allograft from deceased donors were more likely to develop PTLD with multi-organ involvement when compared to those receiving liver allograft from living donors (P = 0.019) (Table 8).

Table 8

Influence of different risk factors on multi-organ involvement in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

	Multi-organ involvement (+)	Multi-organ involvement (-)	P value
All PTLD patients
Sex			0.421
Male	12	19
Female	6	13
CMV status			0.418
CMV-positive	6	7
CMV-negative	7	5
EBV status			0.008
EBV-positive	5	11
EBV-negative	8	1
Rejection episode			0.448
(+)	9	14
(-)	9	18
Type of allograft			0.235
Living donor	8	19
Deceased donor	10	13
Pediatric PTL patients
Sex			0.206
Male	11	11
Female	5	11
CMV status			0.335
CMV-positive	5	7
CMV-negative	6	4
EBV status			0.006
EBV-positive	5	11
EBV-negative	6	0
Rejection episode			0.520
(+)	8	10
(-)	8	12
Type of allograft			0.019
Living donor	8	19
Deceased donor	8	3

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; PTLD: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Estimation of a cutoff value for tacrolimus level in pediatric patients

To estimate a cutoff point value for tacrolimus level in relation to post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A serum tacrolimus of over 11.1 ng/mL was predictive of post-PTLD survival (sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 52%, area under the curve = 0.738, P = 0.035).

DISCUSSION

The present study is one of the largest series of patients with PTLD after liver transplantation. Our study showed that the incidence of PTLD following pediatric liver transplantation was much higher than for adult liver transplantation (6.25% in pediatrics and 1.18% in adults). While previous studies reported PTLD incidence of up to 20% after pediatric liver transplantation[18], recent reported incidence from different studies are lower and range from 10% to 5.5%[19,20]. Since PTLD is mainly considered as a result of interaction of immunosuppression and EBV infection, the decreased incidence in pediatric patients may be secondary to the better monitoring of patients, especially for immunosuppressive regimen and EBV infection. In pediatric patients, our reported incidence is comparable to other studies; however, due to unexplained reasons the incidence of PTLD after adult liver transplantation in our study was lower than previous reports from other centers[21].

Mean post-PTLD survival was higher in the adult patients than in the pediatric patients. This observation is probably due to the long-term survival (> 10 years) of 2 of our adult patients. In a recent study conducted in our center, the 1-year and 5-year overall survival of pediatric liver transplant recipients was found to be 73% and 66% respectively[22]. In this way, the 1-year post-PTLD survival in the pediatric age group is nearly equal to the overall survival of our pediatric patients. However, it should be noted that the 5-year post-PTLD survival in pediatric patients has dramatically declined to 24.1%.

Due to small numbers of adult PTLD patients, the analyses were performed on either pediatric patients or adult plus pediatric patients. We investigated the impact of different variables on post-PTLD survival. As expected, multi-organ involvement was associated with a lower post-PTLD survival and increased mortality. EBV-positive patients had higher mean post-PTLD survival in comparison with EBV-negative subjects. EBV positivity was also associated with lower mortality, especially among the pediatric age group. These findings may be jeopardized by our other finding that EBV-positive patients had lower probability of multi-organ involvement.

Although up to 30% of PTLD patients are EBV-negative, EBV has been generally considered as responsible for most cases of PTLD. However, the influence of recipient EBV status on outcomes of PTLD patients is conflicting. Some studies have shown that EBV-negative PTLD patients have more malignant appearing disease with an aggressive course and higher mortality rate[23,24]. In univariate analysis, our findings are inconsistent with these mentioned results. However, in regression analysis, EBV status was not associated with post-PTLD survival. Several other studies showed that EBV status had no significant impact on outcomes of PTLD patients, including their survival[25-28]. EBV status was not associated with time of PTLD development in our study. This finding is in contrast with previous reports showing that EBV-negative PTLD occurs later after liver transplantation when compared to EBV-positive PTLD patients[29,30].

Immunosuppressive therapy has been reported to be associated with PTLD development. Treatment of rejection episodes with steroid or OKT3 were risk factors of PTLD development, especially during 1 year after treatment[31,32]. Reducing dose of immunosuppressive medications is another treatment strategy used on PTLD patients in some studies[33,34]. In our study, rejection episode, steroid dose and tacrolimus dose were not associated with PTLD survival, while higher serum tacrolimus level was associated with lower survival. Finally, we showed that a serum tacrolimus cutoff value of over 11.1 ng/mL is associated with post-PTLD survival, having a high sensitivity but a rather low specificity in pediatric patients. Therefore, it might be suggested that transplant physicians consider adjustment of tacrolimus dose to maintain its serum level around this cutoff point.

Although a PTLD series has been published from our center previously[35], this study is the first that evaluates incidence, survival and associated factors influencing survival of PTLD patients after liver transplantation. This study is also the first that shows the association between serum tacrolimus level and post-PTLD survival, and suggests a serum tacrolimus cutoff point value to adjust tacrolimus dose.

COMMENTS

Background

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is one of the complications after liver transplantation and may threaten both graft and patient survival. This study aimed to investigate incidence and survival of PTLD patients after liver transplantation.

Research frontiers

Few studies with considerable number of patients have reported survival of PTLD patients after liver transplantation. This study aimed to investigate incidence, risk factors (including impact of immunosuppressive regimen) and survival of PTLD patients after liver transplantation in Iranian patients.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Multi-organ involvement was associated with a lower post-PTLD survival and increased mortality. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive patients had higher mean post-PTLD survival in comparison with EBV-negative subjects. EBV status was not associated with time of PTLD development in our study. This finding is in contrast with previous reports showing that EBV-negative PTLD occurs later after liver transplantation when compared to EBV-positive PTLD patients. We showed that a serum tacrolimus cutoff value of 11.1 ng/mL is associated with post-PTLD survival.

Applications

Adjustment of tacrolimus level to lower than 11.1 ng/mL may help improve post-PTLD survival of patients.

Peer-review

The reviewer has read with interest the manuscript entitled, “Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after liver transplantation: incidence, long-term survival and impact of serum tacrolimus level”. Eshraghian and colleagues performed a retrospective single-center study with a wide recruitment period, including 53 liver transplant patients who developed PTLD (40 pediatric and 13 adult cases). The authors evaluated the risk factors affecting post-PTLD survival of patients. They found that EBV-negative recipients and multi-organ involvement are the two main risk factors of lower post-PTLD survival. They further found within a pediatric recipient cohort that higher serum tacrolimus level was associated with poor survival after PTLD development.