Navigating Clinical Ethics: Using Real Case Constellations to Guide Learners and Teachers in Medicine.

Case-based learning is a staple of clinical ethics education in medicine. The sources for medical educators generally are lengthy case books or single, often rare, case analyses in the literature. Busy clinicians may not have the time or inclination to sift through case books to find suitable teaching material, and the latter present unusual cases that many physicians may never encounter in their own practice. Relatively few articles present multiple cases involving ethical issues that are likely to appear in everyday practice in an accessible format for teaching. To fill this gap, we developed a series of paradigmatic cases based on the recurrent themes we identified through a systematic analysis of our clinical ethics consultations in a 5-year period and our collective clinical ethics judgment. We constructed four amalgam "bread-and-butter" ethics cases that are not overly service specific and can be used in medical and residency education along with specific questions for discussion. Topics include decision-making capacity, withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, patient wishes and do not resuscitate orders, and brain death. Our objective was to help a range of residents and other physicians become more confident and facile in identifying and addressing recurrent ethical issues in their practice.