Helena H Hauta-Alus1, Elisa M Holmlund-Suila1, Hannu J Rita2, Maria Enlund-Cerullo1, Jenni Rosendahl1, Saara M Valkama1, Otto M Helve1, Timo K Hytinantti1, Heljä-Marja Surcel3, Outi M Mäkitie1,4,5, Sture Andersson1, Heli T Viljakainen6,7. 1. Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8 C, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. 2. Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. 3. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, P.O. Box 310, 90101, Oulu, Finland. 4. Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. 5. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 000014, Helsinki, Finland. 6. Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8 C, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. heli.viljakainen@helsinki.fi. 7. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 000014, Helsinki, Finland. heli.viljakainen@helsinki.fi.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to define maternal and umbilical cord blood (UCB) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to characterize maternal factors modifying 25(OH)D during pregnancy and predict UCB 25(OH)D in two subgroups with Declined [Δ25(OH)D <0 nmol/l] and Increased [Δ25(OH)D >0 nmol/l] 25(OH)D concentration. METHODS: A complete dataset was available from 584 women. 25(OH)D was determined at gestational weeks 6-13 and in UCB. Baseline characteristics were collected retrospectively using questionnaires. Δ25(OH)D was calculated as UCB 25(OH)D-early pregnancy 25(OH)D. Dietary patterns were generated with principal component analysis. Multivariate regression models were applied. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency was scarce, since only 1% had 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/l both in early pregnancy and in UCB. Shared positive predictors of UCB 25(OH)D in the subgroups of Declined and Increased, were early pregnancy 25(OH)D (P < 0.001) and supplemental vitamin D intake (P < 0.04). For the Increased subgroup summer season at delivery (P = 0.001) and "sandwich and dairy" dietary pattern characterized with frequent consumption of vitamin D fortified margarine and milk products (P = 0.009) were positive predictors of UCB 25(OH)D. Physical activity (P = 0.041) and maternal education (P = 0.004) were additional positive predictors in the Declined group CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and newborn vitamin D status was sufficient, thus public health policies in Finland have been successful. The key modifiable maternal determinants for 25(OH)D during pregnancy, and of the newborn, were supplemental vitamin D intake, frequent consumption of vitamin D fortified foods, and physical activity.
PURPOSE: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to define maternal and umbilical cord blood (UCB) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to characterize maternal factors modifying 25(OH)D during pregnancy and predict UCB 25(OH)D in two subgroups with Declined [Δ25(OH)D <0 nmol/l] and Increased [Δ25(OH)D >0 nmol/l] 25(OH)D concentration. METHODS: A complete dataset was available from 584 women. 25(OH)D was determined at gestational weeks 6-13 and in UCB. Baseline characteristics were collected retrospectively using questionnaires. Δ25(OH)D was calculated as UCB 25(OH)D-early pregnancy 25(OH)D. Dietary patterns were generated with principal component analysis. Multivariate regression models were applied. RESULTS:Vitamin D deficiency was scarce, since only 1% had 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/l both in early pregnancy and in UCB. Shared positive predictors of UCB 25(OH)D in the subgroups of Declined and Increased, were early pregnancy 25(OH)D (P < 0.001) and supplemental vitamin D intake (P < 0.04). For the Increased subgroup summer season at delivery (P = 0.001) and "sandwich and dairy" dietary pattern characterized with frequent consumption of vitamin D fortified margarine and milk products (P = 0.009) were positive predictors of UCB 25(OH)D. Physical activity (P = 0.041) and maternal education (P = 0.004) were additional positive predictors in the Declined group CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and newborn vitamin D status was sufficient, thus public health policies in Finland have been successful. The key modifiable maternal determinants for 25(OH)D during pregnancy, and of the newborn, were supplemental vitamin D intake, frequent consumption of vitamin D fortified foods, and physical activity.
Entities:
Keywords:
25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration; Dietary pattern; Maternal vitamin D status; Newborn vitamin D status; Pregnancy
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