Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen1, Kateryna Savelieva1, Kim Josefsson2, Marko Elovainio1,2, Laura Pulkki-Råback1,3, Markus Juonala4,5,6, Olli T Raitakari7,8, Mirka Hintsanen9,10. 1. Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 2. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 3. Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 5. Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 6. Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. 7. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 8. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 9. Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. mirka.hintsanen@oulu.fi. 10. Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 2000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. mirka.hintsanen@oulu.fi.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association between depressive symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis has been inconsistent. PURPOSE: We sought to replicate our previous study, which demonstrated a positive relation between depressive symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in men, using a newer measurement of carotid IMT and a cumulative loading of depressive symptoms over three follow-ups. METHODS: The sample comprised 996 adults (352 men) aged 30 to 45 years in 2007 from a prospective population-based Finnish sample. The participants completed a modified version of Beck Depression Inventory in 1992, 1997, and 2001. Carotid IMT was assessed with ultrasound in 2001 and 2007. Cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking) were measured in childhood (1980) and in adulthood (2007). RESULTS: We found no association between the accumulative depression index and carotid IMT before or after controlling for the traditional risk factors (all p values ≥0.67). Depressive symptoms did not predict IMT progression over two time points and the highest level of carotid wall thickening. Imputed and non-imputed data sets provided similar results. Results remained the same when men and women were analyzed separately. Additional analyses revealed no significant interactions between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index and systolic blood pressure) on carotid IMT (all p values >0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this population-based study did not indicate any direct association between depressive symptoms and carotid IMT in asymptomatic, young adults.
BACKGROUND: The association between depressive symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis has been inconsistent. PURPOSE: We sought to replicate our previous study, which demonstrated a positive relation between depressive symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in men, using a newer measurement of carotid IMT and a cumulative loading of depressive symptoms over three follow-ups. METHODS: The sample comprised 996 adults (352 men) aged 30 to 45 years in 2007 from a prospective population-based Finnish sample. The participants completed a modified version of Beck Depression Inventory in 1992, 1997, and 2001. Carotid IMT was assessed with ultrasound in 2001 and 2007. Cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking) were measured in childhood (1980) and in adulthood (2007). RESULTS: We found no association between the accumulative depression index and carotid IMT before or after controlling for the traditional risk factors (all p values ≥0.67). Depressive symptoms did not predict IMT progression over two time points and the highest level of carotid wall thickening. Imputed and non-imputed data sets provided similar results. Results remained the same when men and women were analyzed separately. Additional analyses revealed no significant interactions between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index and systolic blood pressure) on carotid IMT (all p values >0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this population-based study did not indicate any direct association between depressive symptoms and carotid IMT in asymptomatic, young adults.