Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation: Contemporary practice and the future.

With increasing life expectancy, the epidemic of valvular heart disease, especially aortic stenosis (AS), is becoming more prevalent. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as an alternative therapy for patients with significant aortic valve disease. It offers a less invasive procedure in comparison to surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) and an attractive substitute from the patient's perspective. The evidence for TAVI in inoperable and high risk surgical patients is now established and in the intermediate risk group has been accumulating rapidly and is looking favourable for TAVI. However, the full 'TAVI story' is still unfolding. Technological advances in devices and delivery systems are evolving with the aim to improve the function and durability of TAVI and to simplify the procedure while enhancing safety. The incidence of vascular injury and pacemaker requirement post TAVI remains an issue and further development in this regard is therefore of utmost importance, particularly as lower risk and potentially younger patients are treated. Moreover, the evidence concerning long-term durability of the TAVI prostheses continues to accumulate. Whilst TAVI is proving to be an invaluable tool for inoperable and high risk patients, more trial evidence is needed before it encompases lower risk populations and moreover, its use as a first line treatment worldwide in most healthcare systems is limited by the costs associated with the prosthesis.