Yutaka Aoki1, Jennifer Yee2, Mary E Mortensen3. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 3311 Toledo Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA. Electronic address: yaoki@cdc.gov. 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 3311 Toledo Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Epidemiology Elective Program, MS E-92, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Family Medicine, 4000 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington D.C 20057, USA. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, MS F-20, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys. OBJECTIVE: To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure. METHODS: Our sample included 7,368 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring. RESULTS: Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. A separate analysis revealed that non-Hispanic white adults tended to have the highest smoking intensity regardless of sex, than adults of the other race/Hispanic origin groups. CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults. Published by Elsevier Inc.
BACKGROUND: There have been increasing concerns over health effects of low level exposure to cadmium, especially those on bones and kidneys. OBJECTIVE: To explore how age-adjusted geometric means of blood cadmium in adults varied by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and smoking status among U.S. adults and the extent to which the difference in blood cadmium by race/Hispanic origin and sex may be explained by intensity of smoking, a known major source of cadmium exposure. METHODS: Our sample included 7,368 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. With direct age adjustment, geometric means of blood cadmium and number of cigarettes smoked per day were estimated for subgroups defined by race/Hispanic origin, smoking status, and sex using interval regression, which allows mean estimation in the presence of left- and right-censoring. RESULTS: Among never and former smoking men and women, blood cadmium tended to be higher for non-Hispanic Asian adults than adults of other race/Hispanic origin. Among current smokers, who generally had higher blood cadmium than never and former smokers, non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian adults had similarly elevated blood cadmium compared to Hispanic adults. A separate analysis revealed that non-Hispanic white adults tended to have the highest smoking intensity regardless of sex, than adults of the other race/Hispanic origin groups. CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern provided evidence for smoking as a major source of cadmium exposure, yet factors other than smoking also appeared to contribute to higher blood cadmium of non-Hispanic Asian adults. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Authors: Chung Soo Lee; Young Wook Lim; Ho Hyun Kim; Ji Yeon Yang; Dong Chun Shin Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Date: 2011-12-04 Impact factor: 4.223
Authors: M Fátima Reis; Carla Sampaio; Ana Brantes; P Aniceto; M Melim; Liliana Cardoso; Cátia Gabriel; Filipa Simão; J Pereira Miguel Journal: Int J Hyg Environ Health Date: 2007-02-26 Impact factor: 5.840
Authors: M Ciarrocca; M V Rosati; F Tomei; A Pacchiarotti; P Corbosiero; C Di Pastena; B Scala; A Capozzella; G Tomei; T Caciari; C Sacco; A Sancini Journal: Arch Environ Occup Health Date: 2015 Impact factor: 1.663
Authors: Adolfo G Cuevas; Claudia Trudel-Fitzgerald; Leslie Cofie; Masayoshi Zaitsu; Jennifer Allen; David R Williams Journal: Cancer Causes Control Date: 2019-03-22 Impact factor: 2.506
Authors: Anthony Milki; Deanna Wong; Chloe Chan; Sarita Sooklal; Daniel S Kapp; Amandeep K Mann Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-15 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Todd M Everson; Megan M Niedzwiecki; Daniell Toth; Maria Tellez-Plaza; Haoran Liu; Dana B Barr; Matthew O Gribble Journal: Environ Health Date: 2021-02-14 Impact factor: 5.984
Authors: Junenette L Peters; Melissa J Perry; Eileen McNeely; Robert O Wright; Wendy Heiger-Bernays; Jennifer Weuve Journal: PLoS One Date: 2021-01-11 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Adriana C Vidal; Cynthia A Moylan; Julius Wilder; Delores J Grant; Susan K Murphy; Cathrine Hoyo Journal: Front Oncol Date: 2022-08-22 Impact factor: 5.738