Marion Thurn1, Deborah R Gustafson2. 1. Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1213, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. 2. Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1213, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. deborah.gustafson@downstate.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: The number of adults who are aging successfully and have HIV infection is increasing. More effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are preventing individuals infected with HIV from reaching end stages of the HIV infection and developing AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). However, even at lower viral loads, chronic HIV infection appears to have consequences on aging processes, including the development of frailty. RECENT FINDINGS: Frailty is a term used to describe vulnerability in aging. Frailty indices such as the Fried Frailty Index (FFI), the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), an index of emotional frailty, associate with or predict clinical outcomes and death. However, even among existing frailty definitions, components require rigorous and consistent standardization. In the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), we have shown that frailty does not exist in isolation, even in midlife, and we use frailty to predict death. Frailty indices should be systematically used by health professionals to evaluate health and future risks for adverse events. Frailty prevention efforts, especially among those with HIV infection, appear to be essential for "successful aging" or aging without disability or loss of independence and may prevent HIV transmission. Taking care of elderly people is one of the major challenges of this century, and we must expect and be prepared for an increase in the number of aging adults, some of whom are patients with many co-morbidities and HIV infection.
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: The number of adults who are aging successfully and have HIV infection is increasing. More effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are preventing individuals infected with HIV from reaching end stages of the HIV infection and developing AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). However, even at lower viral loads, chronic HIV infection appears to have consequences on aging processes, including the development of frailty. RECENT FINDINGS: Frailty is a term used to describe vulnerability in aging. Frailty indices such as the Fried Frailty Index (FFI), the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), an index of emotional frailty, associate with or predict clinical outcomes and death. However, even among existing frailty definitions, components require rigorous and consistent standardization. In the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), we have shown that frailty does not exist in isolation, even in midlife, and we use frailty to predict death. Frailty indices should be systematically used by health professionals to evaluate health and future risks for adverse events. Frailty prevention efforts, especially among those with HIV infection, appear to be essential for "successful aging" or aging without disability or loss of independence and may prevent HIV transmission. Taking care of elderly people is one of the major challenges of this century, and we must expect and be prepared for an increase in the number of aging adults, some of whom are patients with many co-morbidities and HIV infection.
Authors: Jeremy Walston; Evan C Hadley; Luigi Ferrucci; Jack M Guralnik; Anne B Newman; Stephanie A Studenski; William B Ershler; Tamara Harris; Linda P Fried Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2006-06 Impact factor: 5.562
Authors: David B Hanna; Wendy S Post; Jennifer A Deal; Howard N Hodis; Lisa P Jacobson; Wendy J Mack; Kathryn Anastos; Stephen J Gange; Alan L Landay; Jason M Lazar; Frank J Palella; Phyllis C Tien; Mallory D Witt; Xiaonan Xue; Mary A Young; Robert C Kaplan; Lawrence A Kingsley Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2015-04-22 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: L P Fried; C M Tangen; J Walston; A B Newman; C Hirsch; J Gottdiener; T Seeman; R Tracy; W J Kop; G Burke; M A McBurnie Journal: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci Date: 2001-03 Impact factor: 6.053
Authors: Amy C Justice; Elizabeth Dombrowski; Joseph Conigliaro; Shawn L Fultz; Deborah Gibson; Tamra Madenwald; Joseph Goulet; Michael Simberkoff; Adeel A Butt; David Rimland; Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas; Cynthia L Gibert; Kris Ann K Oursler; Sheldon Brown; David A Leaf; Matthew B Goetz; Kendall Bryant Journal: Med Care Date: 2006-08 Impact factor: 2.983
Authors: Gerome V Escota; Pragna Patel; John T Brooks; Tim Bush; Lois Conley; Jason Baker; Erna Milunka Kojic; John Hammer; Nur F Önen Journal: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses Date: 2015-01-20 Impact factor: 2.205
Authors: Judith A Cook; Dennis Grey; Jane Burke; Mardge H Cohen; Alejandra C Gurtman; Jean L Richardson; Tracey E Wilson; Mary A Young; Nancy A Hessol Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2004-07 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: B Vellas; L Balardy; S Gillette-Guyonnet; G Abellan Van Kan; A Ghisolfi-Marque; J Subra; S Bismuth; S Oustric; M Cesari Journal: J Nutr Health Aging Date: 2013-07 Impact factor: 4.075
Authors: Robert C Kalayjian; Alan Landay; Richard B Pollard; Dennis D Taub; Barry H Gross; Isaac R Francis; Anne Sevin; Minya Pu; John Spritzler; Miriam Chernoff; Ann Namkung; Lawrence Fox; Ana Martinez; Karen Waterman; Susan A Fiscus; Beverly Sha; Debra Johnson; Stanley Slater; Frank Rousseau; Michael M Lederman Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2003-05-29 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: Anna A Rubtsova; María J Marquine; Colin Depp; Marcia Holstad; Ronald J Ellis; Scott Letendre; Dilip V Jeste; David J Moore Journal: Behav Med Date: 2018-11-15 Impact factor: 3.104
Authors: Hannah Oppenheim; Emily W Paolillo; Raeanne C Moore; Ronald J Ellis; Scott L Letendre; Dilip V Jeste; Igor Grant; David J Moore Journal: Neurology Date: 2018-06-06 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: Jenny Pena Dias; Sabina A Haberlen; Adrian S Dobs; Jordan E Lake; Frank J Palella; Lawrence A Kingsley; Jennifer C Price; Shehzad Basaria; Ravi Varadhan; Joseph B Margolick; Chloe L Thio; Todd T Brown Journal: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Date: 2021-08-15 Impact factor: 3.771
Authors: Stephen A Klotz; Cesar Egurrola; Maria Love; Mary N Miller; Nicole Bradley; Shannon N Smith; Bijan Najafi; Nafees Ahmad Journal: Int J STD AIDS Date: 2022-04-04 Impact factor: 1.456
Authors: Vincent J Maffei; Tekeda F Ferguson; Meghan M Brashear; Donald E Mercante; Katherine P Theall; Robert W Siggins; Christopher M Taylor; Patricia Molina; David A Welsh Journal: AIDS Date: 2020-02-01 Impact factor: 4.632