Amanda J McFarlane1, Henry J McSorley1, Donald J Davidson2, Paul M Fitch1, Claire Errington3, Karen J Mackenzie2, Eva S Gollwitzer4, Chris J C Johnston5, Andrew S MacDonald6, Michael R Edwards7, Nicola L Harris8, Benjamin J Marsland4, Rick M Maizels5, Jürgen Schwarze9. 1. MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 2. MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 3. National Health Service Lothian, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 4. Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. 5. Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 6. Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. 7. Airway Disease Infection Section, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. 8. Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique, Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. 9. MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Jurgen.Schwarze@ed.ac.uk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Helminth parasites have been reported to have beneficial immunomodulatory effects in patients with allergic and autoimmune conditions and detrimental consequences in patients with tuberculosis and some viral infections. Their role in coinfection with respiratory viruses is not clear. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigated the effects of strictly enteric helminth infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a mouse model. METHODS: A murine helminth/RSV coinfection model was developed. Mice were infected by means of oral gavage with 200 stage 3 H polygyrus larvae. Ten days later, mice were infected intranasally with either RSV or UV-inactivated RSV. RESULTS: H polygyrus-infected mice showed significantly less disease and pulmonary inflammation after RSV infection associated with reduced viral load. Adaptive immune responses, including TH2 responses, were not essential because protection against RSV was maintained in Rag1-/- and Il4rα-/- mice. Importantly, H polygyrus infection upregulated expression of type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes in both the duodenum and lung, and its protective effects were lost in both Ifnar1-/- and germ-free mice, revealing essential roles for type I interferon signaling and microbiota in H polygyrus-induced protection against RSV. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that a strictly enteric helminth infection can have remote protective antiviral effects in the lung through induction of a microbiota-dependent type I interferon response.
BACKGROUND: Helminth parasites have been reported to have beneficial immunomodulatory effects in patients with allergic and autoimmune conditions and detrimental consequences in patients with tuberculosis and some viral infections. Their role in coinfection with respiratory viruses is not clear. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigated the effects of strictly enteric helminth infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a mouse model. METHODS: A murine helminth/RSV coinfection model was developed. Mice were infected by means of oral gavage with 200 stage 3 H polygyrus larvae. Ten days later, mice were infected intranasally with either RSV or UV-inactivated RSV. RESULTS: H polygyrus-infected mice showed significantly less disease and pulmonary inflammation after RSV infection associated with reduced viral load. Adaptive immune responses, including TH2 responses, were not essential because protection against RSV was maintained in Rag1-/- and Il4rα-/- mice. Importantly, H polygyrus infection upregulated expression of type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes in both the duodenum and lung, and its protective effects were lost in both Ifnar1-/- and germ-free mice, revealing essential roles for type I interferon signaling and microbiota in H polygyrus-induced protection against RSV. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that a strictly enteric helminth infection can have remote protective antiviral effects in the lung through induction of a microbiota-dependent type I interferon response.
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