Philip Hyland1,2, Jamie Murphy3, Mark Shevlin3, Frédérique Vallières4, Eoin McElroy3, Ask Elklit5, Mogens Christoffersen6, Marylène Cloitre7,8. 1. School of Business, National College of Ireland, IFSC, Mayor Street, Dublin 1, Ireland. Philip.hyland@ncirl.ie. 2. Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Philip.hyland@ncirl.ie. 3. Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northland Road, Co. Londonderry, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, Ireland. 4. Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. 5. National Centre for Psychotraumatology, Institute for Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark. 6. The Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. 7. National Centre for PTSD Division of Dissemination and Training, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 8. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The World Health Organization's 11th revision to the International Classification of Diseases manual (ICD-11) will differentiate between two stress-related disorders: PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). ICD-11 proposals suggest that trauma exposure which is prolonged and/or repeated, or consists of multiple forms, that also occurs under circumstances where escape from the trauma is difficult or impossible (e.g., childhood abuse) will confer greater risk for CPTSD as compared to PTSD. The primary objective of the current study was to provide an empirical assessment of this proposal. METHODS: A stratified, random probability sample of a Danish birth cohort (aged 24) was interviewed by the Danish National Centre for Social Research (N = 2980) in 2008-2009. Data from this interview were used to generate an ICD-11 symptom-based classification of PTSD and CPTSD. RESULTS: The majority of the sample (87.1%) experienced at least one of eight traumatic events spanning childhood and early adulthood. There was some indication that being female increased the risk for both PTSD and CPTSD classification. Multinomial logistic regression results found that childhood sexual abuse (OR = 4.98) and unemployment status (OR = 4.20) significantly increased risk of CPTSD classification as compared to PTSD. A dose-response relationship was observed between exposure to multiple forms of childhood interpersonal trauma and risk of CPTSD classification, as compared to PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide empirical support for the ICD-11 proposals that childhood interpersonal traumatic exposure increases risk of CPTSD symptom development.
PURPOSE: The World Health Organization's 11th revision to the International Classification of Diseases manual (ICD-11) will differentiate between two stress-related disorders: PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). ICD-11 proposals suggest that trauma exposure which is prolonged and/or repeated, or consists of multiple forms, that also occurs under circumstances where escape from the trauma is difficult or impossible (e.g., childhood abuse) will confer greater risk for CPTSD as compared to PTSD. The primary objective of the current study was to provide an empirical assessment of this proposal. METHODS: A stratified, random probability sample of a Danish birth cohort (aged 24) was interviewed by the Danish National Centre for Social Research (N = 2980) in 2008-2009. Data from this interview were used to generate an ICD-11 symptom-based classification of PTSD and CPTSD. RESULTS: The majority of the sample (87.1%) experienced at least one of eight traumatic events spanning childhood and early adulthood. There was some indication that being female increased the risk for both PTSD and CPTSD classification. Multinomial logistic regression results found that childhood sexual abuse (OR = 4.98) and unemployment status (OR = 4.20) significantly increased risk of CPTSD classification as compared to PTSD. A dose-response relationship was observed between exposure to multiple forms of childhood interpersonal trauma and risk of CPTSD classification, as compared to PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide empirical support for the ICD-11 proposals that childhood interpersonal traumatic exposure increases risk of CPTSD symptom development.
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