Surface modification of TiO2 nanotubes with osteogenic growth peptide to enhance osteoblast differentiation.

To investigate the influence of surface-biofunctionalized substrates on osteoblast behavior, a layer of aligned TiO2 nanotubes with a diameter of around 70nm was fabricated on titanium surface by anodization, and then osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) was conjugated onto TiO2 nanotubes through the intermediate layer of polydopamine. The morphology, composition and wettability of different surfaces were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements, respectively. The effects of OGP-modified TiO2 nanotube substrates on the morphology, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts were examined in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the OGP-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes were favorable for cell spreading. However, there was no significant difference in cell proliferation observed among the different groups. Cells grown onto OGP-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes showed significantly higher (p<0.05 or p<0.01) levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralization after 4, 7 and 14days of culture, respectively. Cells grown on OGP-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes had significantly higher (p<0.05 or p<0.01) expression of osteogenic-related genes including runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), ALP, collagen type I (Col I), osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC) after 14days of culture. These data suggest that surface functionalization of TiO2 nanotubes with OGP was beneficial for cell spreading and differentiation. This study provides a novel platform for the development and fabrication of titanium-based implants that enhance the propensity for osseointegration between the native tissue and implant interface.