Vanessa W Stevens1, Richard E Nelson1, Elyse M Schwab-Daugherty2, Karim Khader1, Makoto M Jones1, Kevin A Brown3, Tom Greene4, Lindsay D Croft1, Melinda Neuhauser5, Peter Glassman6, Matthew Bidwell Goetz7, Matthew H Samore1, Michael A Rubin1. 1. IDEAS 2.0 Center, Veterans Affairs (VA) Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah2Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. 2. Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City. 3. IDEAS 2.0 Center, Veterans Affairs (VA) Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah4Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. 5. VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Hines, Illinois. 6. VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Hines, Illinois6VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California. 7. VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
Abstract
Importance: Metronidazole hydrochloride has historically been considered first-line therapy for patients with mild to moderate Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) but is inferior to vancomycin hydrochloride for clinical cure. The choice of therapy may likewise have substantial consequences on other downstream outcomes, such as recurrence and mortality, although these secondary outcomes have been less studied. Objective: To evaluate the risk of recurrence and all-cause 30-day mortality among patients receiving metronidazole or vancomycin for the treatment of mild to moderate and severe CDI. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study evaluated patients treated for CDI, defined as a positive laboratory test result for the presence of C difficile toxins or toxin genes in a stool sample, in the US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2012. Data analysis was performed from February 7, 2015, through November 22, 2016. Exposures: Treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole. Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcomes of interest in this study were CDI recurrence and all-cause 30-day mortality. Recurrence was defined as a second positive laboratory test result within 8 weeks of the initial CDI diagnosis. All-cause 30-day mortality was defined as death from any cause within 30 days of the initial CDI diagnosis. Results: A total of 47 471 patients (mean [SD] age, 68.8 [13.3] years; 1947 women [4.1%] and 45 524 men [95.9%]) developed CDI, were treated with vancomycin or metronidazole, and met criteria for entry into the study. Of 47 147 eligible first treatment episodes, 2068 (4.4%) were with vancomycin. Those 2068 patients were matched to 8069 patients in the metronidazole group for a total of 10 137 included patients. Subcohorts were constructed that comprised 5452 patients with mild to moderate disease and 3130 patients with severe disease. There were no differences in the risk of recurrence between patients treated with vancomycin vs those treated with metronidazole in any of the disease severity cohorts. Among patients in the any severity cohort, those who were treated with vancomycin were less likely to die (adjusted relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; adjusted risk difference, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.01). No significant difference was found in the risk of mortality between treatment groups among patients with mild to moderate CDI, but vancomycin significantly reduced the risk of all-cause 30-day mortality among patients with severe CDI (adjusted relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.97; adjusted risk difference, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01). Conclusions and Relevance: Recurrence rates were similar among patients treated with vancomycin and metronidazole. However, the risk of 30-day mortality was significantly reduced among patients who received vancomycin. Our findings may further justify the use of vancomycin as initial therapy for severe CDI.
Importance: Metronidazole hydrochloride has historically been considered first-line therapy for patients with mild to moderate Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI) but is inferior to vancomycin hydrochloride for clinical cure. The choice of therapy may likewise have substantial consequences on other downstream outcomes, such as recurrence and mortality, although these secondary outcomes have been less studied. Objective: To evaluate the risk of recurrence and all-cause 30-day mortality among patients receiving metronidazole or vancomycin for the treatment of mild to moderate and severe CDI. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study evaluated patients treated for CDI, defined as a positive laboratory test result for the presence of C difficile toxins or toxin genes in a stool sample, in the US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2012. Data analysis was performed from February 7, 2015, through November 22, 2016. Exposures: Treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole. Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcomes of interest in this study were CDI recurrence and all-cause 30-day mortality. Recurrence was defined as a second positive laboratory test result within 8 weeks of the initial CDI diagnosis. All-cause 30-day mortality was defined as death from any cause within 30 days of the initial CDI diagnosis. Results: A total of 47 471 patients (mean [SD] age, 68.8 [13.3] years; 1947 women [4.1%] and 45 524 men [95.9%]) developed CDI, were treated with vancomycin or metronidazole, and met criteria for entry into the study. Of 47 147 eligible first treatment episodes, 2068 (4.4%) were with vancomycin. Those 2068 patients were matched to 8069 patients in the metronidazole group for a total of 10 137 included patients. Subcohorts were constructed that comprised 5452 patients with mild to moderate disease and 3130 patients with severe disease. There were no differences in the risk of recurrence between patients treated with vancomycin vs those treated with metronidazole in any of the disease severity cohorts. Among patients in the any severity cohort, those who were treated with vancomycin were less likely to die (adjusted relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; adjusted risk difference, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.01). No significant difference was found in the risk of mortality between treatment groups among patients with mild to moderate CDI, but vancomycin significantly reduced the risk of all-cause 30-day mortality among patients with severe CDI (adjusted relative risk, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.97; adjusted risk difference, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01). Conclusions and Relevance: Recurrence rates were similar among patients treated with vancomycin and metronidazole. However, the risk of 30-day mortality was significantly reduced among patients who received vancomycin. Our findings may further justify the use of vancomycin as initial therapy for severe CDI.
Authors: Ashley L Steed; George P Christophi; Gerard E Kaiko; Lulu Sun; Victoria M Goodwin; Umang Jain; Ekaterina Esaulova; Maxim N Artyomov; David J Morales; Michael J Holtzman; Adrianus C M Boon; Deborah J Lenschow; Thaddeus S Stappenbeck Journal: Science Date: 2017-08-04 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Shannon A Novosad; Yi Mu; Lisa G Winston; Helen Johnston; Elizabeth Basiliere; Danyel M Olson; Monica M Farley; Andrew Revis; Lucy Wilson; Rebecca Perlmutter; Stacy M Holzbauer; Tory Whitten; Erin C Phipps; Ghinwa K Dumyati; Zintars G Beldavs; Valerie L S Ocampo; Corinne M Davis; Marion Kainer; Dale N Gerding; Alice Y Guh Journal: J Gen Intern Med Date: 2019-11-25 Impact factor: 5.128
Authors: Abrar K Thabit; Mawadah H Alsolami; Nojoud A Baghlaf; Raghad M Alsharekh; Hadeel A Almazmumi; Afrah S Alselami; Fatmah A Alsubhi Journal: Infection Date: 2019-08-19 Impact factor: 3.553
Authors: Robin L P Jump; Christopher J Crnich; Lona Mody; Suzanne F Bradley; Lindsay E Nicolle; Thomas T Yoshikawa Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2018-04 Impact factor: 5.562