Matthew Crowe1. 1. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Ras family of small GTPases cycle between an inactive, GDP-bound state and an active, GTP-bound state. When bound to GTP, Ras engages and activates a number of effectors that mediate proliferative and survival signals. Ras is mutated in over 30% of human cancers, usually at codons 12, 13, or 61, to remain in this active, GTP-bound state, which promotes tumorigenesis. One of these oncogenic mutations that commonly occurs in lung cancer is G12C. Recently, it was shown that alkylating agents that react with the thiol functional group of this mutant amino acid can inactivate oncogenic RasG12C. AIMS: Given that Cys12 of RasG12C is accessible to thiol alkylating agents and forms interactions within the electrostatic phosphoryl-binding loop of Ras, we postulated that Cys12 may possess an altered pKa, potentially allowing this residue to be modified by NO and other cellular oxidants. METHODS: We conducted several biochemical analyses to determine whether nitrosylation of RasG12C alters its activity and structure in vitro. We also determined the biological effects of increasing NO production on the tumorigenic growth of cells transformed by RasG12C. RESULTS: We found that Cys12 has a depressed pKa of 7.4, which increases the susceptibility of the thiol to modification by oxidation or nitrosylation at physiological pH. We also found that coexpressing active eNOSS1177D and RasG12C accelerated tumorigenic growth of human and murine cell line xenografts. CONCLUSION: Modification of Cys12 in mutant, oncogenic RasG12C may promote its tumorigenic activity.
BACKGROUND: The Ras family of small GTPases cycle between an inactive, GDP-bound state and an active, GTP-bound state. When bound to GTP, Ras engages and activates a number of effectors that mediate proliferative and survival signals. Ras is mutated in over 30% of humancancers, usually at codons 12, 13, or 61, to remain in this active, GTP-bound state, which promotes tumorigenesis. One of these oncogenic mutations that commonly occurs in lung cancer is G12C. Recently, it was shown that alkylating agents that react with the thiol functional group of this mutant amino acid can inactivate oncogenic RasG12C. AIMS: Given that Cys12 of RasG12C is accessible to thiol alkylating agents and forms interactions within the electrostatic phosphoryl-binding loop of Ras, we postulated that Cys12 may possess an altered pKa, potentially allowing this residue to be modified by NO and other cellular oxidants. METHODS: We conducted several biochemical analyses to determine whether nitrosylation of RasG12C alters its activity and structure in vitro. We also determined the biological effects of increasing NO production on the tumorigenic growth of cells transformed by RasG12C. RESULTS: We found that Cys12 has a depressed pKa of 7.4, which increases the susceptibility of the thiol to modification by oxidation or nitrosylation at physiological pH. We also found that coexpressing active eNOSS1177D and RasG12C accelerated tumorigenic growth of human and murine cell line xenografts. CONCLUSION: Modification of Cys12 in mutant, oncogenic RasG12C may promote its tumorigenic activity.