Mette Vesterhus1, Anders Holm2, Johannes Roksund Hov3, Ståle Nygård4, Erik Schrumpf5, Espen Melum6, Liv Wenche Thorbjørnsen2, Vemund Paulsen7, Knut Lundin8, Inge Dale9, Odd Helge Gilja10, Serge J L B Zweers11, Morten Vatn12, Frank G Schaap13, Peter L M Jansen13, Thor Ueland14, Helge Røsjø15, Bjørn Moum16, Cyriel Y Ponsioen17, Kirsten Muri Boberg18, Martti Färkkilä19, Tom H Karlsen20, Fridtjof Lund-Johansen21. 1. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. 2. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. 3. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 4. Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 5. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. 6. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 7. Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway. 8. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway. 9. Calpro, Oslo, Norway. 10. National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 11. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 12. The Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 13. Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 14. Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. 15. K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway. 16. Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 17. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 18. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway. 19. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 20. Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: t.h.karlsen@medisin.uio.no. 21. K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dept. of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Prognostic biomarkers are lacking in primary sclerosing cholangitis, hampering patient care and the development of therapy. We aimed to identify novel protein biomarkers of disease severity and prognosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). METHODS: Using a bead-based array targeting 63 proteins, we profiled a derivation panel of Norwegian endoscopic retrograde cholangiography bile samples (55 PSC, 20 disease controls) and a Finnish validation panel (34 PSC, 10 disease controls). Selected identified proteins were measured in serum from two Norwegian PSC cohorts (n=167 [1992-2006] and n=138 [2008-2012]), inflammatory bowel disease (n=96) and healthy controls (n=100). RESULTS: In the bile derivation panel, the levels of 14 proteins were different between PSC patients and controls (p<0.05); all were confirmed in the validation panel. Twenty-four proteins in the bile derivation panel were significantly (p<0.05) different between PSC patients with mild compared to severe cholangiographic changes (modified Amsterdam criteria); this was replicated for 18 proteins in the validation panel. Interleukin (IL)-8, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)9/lipocalin (LCN)2-complex, S100A8/9, S100A12 and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)2 in the bile were associated with both a PSC diagnosis and grade of cholangiographic changes. Stratifying PSC patients according to tertiles of serum IL-8, but not MMP9/LCN2 and S100A12, provided excellent discrimination for transplant-free survival both in the serum derivation and validation cohort. Furthermore, IL-8 was associated with transplant-free survival in multivariable analyses in both serum panels independently of age and disease duration, indicating an independent influence on PSC progression. However, the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF®) test and Mayo risk score proved to be stronger predictors of transplant-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Based on assaying of biliary proteins, we have identified novel biliary and serum biomarkers as indicators of severity and prognosis in PSC. LAY SUMMARY: Prognostic biomarkers are lacking in primary sclerosing cholangitis, hampering patient care and the development of therapy. We have identified inflammatory proteins including calprotectin and IL-8 as important indicators of disease severity and prognosis in bile and serum from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Prognostic biomarkers are lacking in primary sclerosing cholangitis, hampering patient care and the development of therapy. We aimed to identify novel protein biomarkers of disease severity and prognosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). METHODS: Using a bead-based array targeting 63 proteins, we profiled a derivation panel of Norwegian endoscopic retrograde cholangiography bile samples (55 PSC, 20 disease controls) and a Finnish validation panel (34 PSC, 10 disease controls). Selected identified proteins were measured in serum from two Norwegian PSC cohorts (n=167 [1992-2006] and n=138 [2008-2012]), inflammatory bowel disease (n=96) and healthy controls (n=100). RESULTS: In the bile derivation panel, the levels of 14 proteins were different between PSC patients and controls (p<0.05); all were confirmed in the validation panel. Twenty-four proteins in the bile derivation panel were significantly (p<0.05) different between PSC patients with mild compared to severe cholangiographic changes (modified Amsterdam criteria); this was replicated for 18 proteins in the validation panel. Interleukin (IL)-8, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)9/lipocalin (LCN)2-complex, S100A8/9, S100A12 and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)2 in the bile were associated with both a PSC diagnosis and grade of cholangiographic changes. Stratifying PSC patients according to tertiles of serum IL-8, but not MMP9/LCN2 and S100A12, provided excellent discrimination for transplant-free survival both in the serum derivation and validation cohort. Furthermore, IL-8 was associated with transplant-free survival in multivariable analyses in both serum panels independently of age and disease duration, indicating an independent influence on PSC progression. However, the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF®) test and Mayo risk score proved to be stronger predictors of transplant-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Based on assaying of biliary proteins, we have identified novel biliary and serum biomarkers as indicators of severity and prognosis in PSC. LAY SUMMARY: Prognostic biomarkers are lacking in primary sclerosing cholangitis, hampering patient care and the development of therapy. We have identified inflammatory proteins including calprotectin and IL-8 as important indicators of disease severity and prognosis in bile and serum from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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