B Zeldow1, S Kim2, G McSherry3, M F Cotton4, P Jean-Philippe5, A Violari6, R Bobat7, S Nachman8, L M Mofenson9, S A Madhi10, C Mitchell11. 1. Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 2. Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, New Jersey, USA. 3. Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. 4. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa. 5. Henry Jackson Foundation-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 6. Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 7. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 8. State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA. 9. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington DC, USA. 10. Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 11. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Abstract
SETTING: International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1041, a tuberculosis (TB) prevention trial conducted among children enrolled from 2004 to 2008 during South Africa's roll-out of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). OBJECTIVE: To estimate TB incidence and mortality and the effect of ART. DESIGN: Children were pre-screened to exclude TB disease and exposure, actively screened 3-monthly for TB exposure and symptoms, and provided post-exposure isoniazid prophylaxis therapy (IPT). TB diagnoses were definite, probable, or possible, and mortality all-cause. Testing was at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: In 539 children (aged 3-4 months) followed up for a median of 74 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 48-116), incidence/100 person-years (py) was 10.67 (95%CI 8.47-13.26) for any TB and 2.89 (95%CI 1.85-4.31) for definite/probable TB. Any TB incidence was respectively 9.39, 13.59, and 9.83/100 py before, <180 days after, and 180 days after ART initiation. Adjusted analysis showed a non-significant increase in any TB (HR 1.32, 95%CI 0.71-2.52, P = 0.38) and a significant reduction in mortality (HR 0.39, 95%CI 0.17-0.82, P = 0.017) following ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS: ART reduced mortality but not TB incidence in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children in IMPAACT P1041, possibly attributable to active screening for TB exposure and symptoms with post-exposure IPT. Research into this as a strategy for TB prevention in high HIV-TB burden settings may be warranted.
RCT Entities:
SETTING: International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1041, a tuberculosis (TB) prevention trial conducted among children enrolled from 2004 to 2008 during South Africa's roll-out of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). OBJECTIVE: To estimate TB incidence and mortality and the effect of ART. DESIGN:Children were pre-screened to exclude TB disease and exposure, actively screened 3-monthly for TB exposure and symptoms, and provided post-exposure isoniazid prophylaxis therapy (IPT). TB diagnoses were definite, probable, or possible, and mortality all-cause. Testing was at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: In 539 children (aged 3-4 months) followed up for a median of 74 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 48-116), incidence/100 person-years (py) was 10.67 (95%CI 8.47-13.26) for any TB and 2.89 (95%CI 1.85-4.31) for definite/probable TB. Any TB incidence was respectively 9.39, 13.59, and 9.83/100 py before, <180 days after, and 180 days after ART initiation. Adjusted analysis showed a non-significant increase in any TB (HR 1.32, 95%CI 0.71-2.52, P = 0.38) and a significant reduction in mortality (HR 0.39, 95%CI 0.17-0.82, P = 0.017) following ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS:ART reduced mortality but not TB incidence in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectedchildren in IMPAACT P1041, possibly attributable to active screening for TB exposure and symptoms with post-exposure IPT. Research into this as a strategy for TB prevention in high HIV-TB burden settings may be warranted.
Authors: Shabir A Madhi; Sharon Nachman; Avy Violari; Soyeon Kim; Mark F Cotton; Raziya Bobat; Patrick Jean-Philippe; George McSherry; Charles Mitchell Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2011-07-07 Impact factor: 91.245
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