Current status of high-intensity focused ultrasound for the management of uterine adenomyosis.

While high-intensity focused ultrasound has been used for some time in the management of uterine fibroids, its effectiveness and safety in managing adenomyosis is less well established. A literature review was performed of all eligible reports using this modality as a treatment for adenomyosis. Relevant publications were obtained from the PubMed electronic database from inception through March 2016. Eleven articles, including information from 1,150 treatments and follow-up data from 990 patients, were reviewed. High-intensity focused ultrasound appears to be effective and safe in the management of symptomatic adenomyosis, and can be considered as an alternative uterine-sparing option for women with this condition.

Introduction

Uterine adenomyosis is a common gynecologic disorder of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, resulting in uterine enlargement. It can be asymptomatic, but can give rise to significant symptoms, most commonly menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea [1]. The treatment for adenomyosis can be challenging. Historically, the standard of treatment has been hysterectomy. However, this is not always an acceptable option, especially for women who wish to maintain their fertility. Medical treatment mainly allows the control of symptoms, whereas uterine-sparing surgical techniques, such as the excision of adenomyotic foci or electrocoagulation of the involved myometrium, are associated with variable success and risk of recurrence [1,2]. Although uterine artery embolization has been used as a minimally invasive treatment option with some success, its impact on future fertility and pregnancy remains uncertain [1,3,4].

Recently, increasing attention has been paid to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for the management of adenomyosis [5,6]. It induces focal thermocoagulation of the adenomyotic lesions and has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for adenomyosis [5,6]. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and, more recently, ultrasound (US) have been used to target and monitor the ablation process [5,7,8]. HIFU may also be able to provide an additional minimally invasive treatment option for premenopausal women with uterine adenomyosis. The purpose of this article was to review the background, clinical use, and treatment outcomes of HIFU in the treatment of adenomyosis.

Imaging-Guided HIFU

In 1942, Lynn et al. [9] introduced the use of an extracorporeal source of focused US energy to induce coagulative necrosis in targeted tissue without damaging surrounding and overlying vital structures. The principle of this HIFU therapy is to cause tissue ablation through heating, cavitation, and direct damage to tumor blood vessels, by focusing US energy at a targeted spot, with minimal damage to the surrounding tissues.

HIFU can be performed under the guidance of MR or US imaging in order to target and monitor the ablation process. MR imaging offers excellent anatomic resolution and temperature sensitivity during real-time treatment monitoring. The ExAblate device (Insightec, Tirat Carmel, Israel) is currently the only United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MR-guided HIFU system. Another system, the Sonalleve (Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA, USA), has received Conformité Européene (CE) marking for fibroid treatment.

US-guided HIFU uses grayscale or echogenicity changes to determine the adequacy of ablation instead of temperature-mapping changes, as in MR-guided HIFU. The JC HIFU system (Chongqing Haifu Technology, Chongqing, China) (Fig. 1) has been installed at Queen Mary Hospital since 2006, mainly for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma [10]; since 2011, the ablation of symptomatic uterine fibroids has also been performed [7,8]. As described in a previous review of fibroid management [7], this HIFU system consists of a real-time 3.5-MHz diagnostic US scanner integrated into the center of a 12-cm in diameter, 15-cm in focal length, 0.8-MHz therapeutic US transducer (Fig. 2). In addition to the US system, it contains a 6-direction therapeutic planning system, a degassed water circulation system, and a master control computer unit. The system can attain an acoustic output power of up to 400 W, and the linear motion deviation of the therapeutic device is ±1 mm. During treatment, patients are placed in the prone position under intravenous conscious sedation. This enables minimal patient movement while the lower abdominal skin is in contact with the degassed water. The entirety of the lesion is divided into slices of 5 mm. The acoustic output power is set between 350 and 400 W, and with successive sweeps from the deep to the shallow region, the entire volume of the lesion is ablated [7]. Fig. 3 illustrates the MR images of a woman with extensive adenomyosis before and 3 months after HIFU treatment. Other similar systems, including the HIFU-2001 (SJTU Suntec Industry, Shanghai, China), HIFUNIT9000 (Shanghai A&S Science and Technology, Shanghai, China), and FEP-BY Series (China Medical Technologies, Beijing, China) are also currently used clinically for the treatment of fibroids. However, none of these systems described have received FDA approval.

Fig. 1.

Ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound system.

Fig. 2.

Real-time diagnostic ultrasound scanner integrated into the center of the therapeutic ultrasound transducer.

Fig. 3.

Magnetic resonance (MR) images from a 47-year-old woman with adenomyosis.

A. Pretreatment MR image shows extensive adenomyosis involving mostly the fundal and anterior uterine wall (arrows). B. MR image (with contrast) 3 months after treatment shows a well-defined hypoperfused area (arrows) as the result of focused ultrasound ablation.

The selection criteria for HIFU therapy for adenomyosis vary depending on the experience of an individual center. The criteria used in most studies can be summarized as follows: (1) premenopausal women of over 18 years of age with no plans for future childbearing [11-16]; (2) significant symptoms related to adenomyosis [11-17]; (3) features of adenomyosis on MR imaging [11,13-16]; (4) adenomyotic lesions greater than 3 cm but less than 10 cm in diameter [11,14]; (5) no evidence of known or suspected extensive pelvic adhesions, such as a history of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, severe pelvic endometriosis, or lower abdominal surgery [12-18]; and (6) body weight of less than 100 kg [16] or abdominal wall thickness of less than 5 cm [17].

Treatment centers vary in their protocols for patient assessment and preparation. Pretreatment imaging to confirm the diagnosis and to establish the extent of adenomyosis is performed. Additionally, pretreatment planning is carried out with the patient lying prone on the treatment table, which mimics the treatment process and familiarizes the patient with the treatment. During the planning process, the path of sonication, depth of the target, proximity of the target to the sacrum, and the likelihood of the presence of a bowel loop along the path of sonication are evaluated [7].

Literature Review

A review of the literature published in English was obtained from the PubMed electronic database from inception through March 2016, using the search words ‘‘adenomyosis’’ and “high-intensity focused ultrasound,” “HIFU,” or “focused ultrasound ablation,” supplemented by hand-searching the references of the relevant articles. The acceptability of the articles to be included in the review was decided by reading the articles’ abstracts and full text if necessary, and only those articles that evaluated the use of HIFU in the treatment of adenomyosis without associated fibroids and included complete interpretable information with relevant outcome data were reviewed. Ultimately, 11 articles were reviewed. The information that was retrieved from the eligible articles included the number of patients, treatment details, criteria for symptom assessment, volume of uteri and adenomyotic lesions, and related complications.

Eleven articles were identified, including information from 1,150 treatments and follow-up data from 990 patients [11-21]. Table 1 summarizes the background information of each article. Of these 11 articles, five were MR-guided and six were US-guided HIFU studies, reporting a total of 84 and 1,066 treatments with follow-up data, respectively. Two articles were excluded because their reported treatment(s) were likely duplicates of those reported in other articles [22,23]. Among the reviewed articles, seven were prospective cohort studies [11,12,14-16,18,21], three were retrospective reviews [13,17,20], and one was a case report [19]. All articles reported the degree of symptom improvement, but only four reported the degree of uterine volume or adenomyotic lesion reduction [11,12,14,17].

Table 1.

Summary of studies of high-intensity focused ultrasound for adenomyosis

Study	City, country	High-intensity focused ultrasound system	No. of treatments	No. of patients who completed follow-up	Duration of follow-up (mo)
Magnetic resonance-guided
Ferrari et al. [18], 2016	L' Aquila, Italy	ExAblate[a)]	18	18	12
Fan et al. [11], 2012	Chongqing, China	JM15100[b)]	10	10	12
Polina et al. [19], 2012	Andhra Pradesh, India	ExAblate[a)]	1	1	6
Kim et al. [20], 2011	Gyeonggi-do, South Korea	ExAblate[a)]	35	35	6
Fukunishi et al. [12], 2008	Kobe, Japan	ExAblate[a)]	20	20	6
Ultrasound-guided
Liu et al. [13], 2016	Beijing, China	JC[b)]	230	208	3
Lee et al. [17], 2015	Incheon, South Korea	JC[b)]	346	346	12
Shui et al. [21], 2015	Chongqing and Sichuan, China	JC200[b)]	350	224	24
Long et al. [14], 2015	Chongqing, China	JC200[b)]	51	47	12
Zhou et al. [15], 2011	Chongqing, China	JC[b)]	77	69	18
Wang et al. [16], 2009	Beijing, China	JC[b)]	12	12	3

Insightec, Tirat Carmel, Israel.

Chongqing Haifu Technology, Chongqing, China.

Treatment Outcomes

Table 2 presents details of the 10 studies that evaluated the improvement of menorrhagia; seven studies used the symptom severity score of a quality of life questionnaire specific to fibroids known as the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life questionnaire [24]; while three studies used the menstrual volume or menorrhagia scale, which was scored according to patients’ descriptions on a 5-point scale [15,21] or as described by Sharp et al. in 1995 [25]. The reported degree of menorrhagia reduction ranged from 12.4% to 33.3%, 25.3% to 80.8%, 16.4% to 52.4%, 24.9% to 66.4%, 44.0%, and 44.8% at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-ups, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2.

Improvement of menorrhagia after high-intensity focused ultrasound for adenomyosis

Study	Reduction in menorrhagia (%)[a)]
	1	3	6	12	18	24
Magnetic resonance-guided
Ferrari et al. [18], 2016	-	-	-	66.4	-	-
Fan et al. [11], 2012	12.4	25.3	16.4	24.9	-	-
Polina et al. [19], 2012	-	31.6	47.4	-	-	-
Kim et al. [20], 2011	-	25.9	40.7	-	-	-
Fukunishi et al. [12], 2008	33.3	53.5	44.8	-	-	-
Ultrasound-guided
Lee et al. [17], 2015	-	55.6	52.4	58	-	-
Shui et al. [21], 2015	-	44.8[b)]	-	48.3[b)]	-	44.8[b)]
Long et al. [14], 2015	-	32.9	50.4	64.7	-	-
Zhou et al. [15], 2011	-	48.0[b)]	-	-	44.0[b)]	-
Wang et al. [16], 2009	-	57.0-80.8[b, c)]	-	-		-

Months after treatment, based on the symptom severity score of the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life questionnaire, unless otherwise specified.

Based on menstrual volume/menorrhagia score.

Varied depending on power output (290-420 W).

The reduction of dysmenorrhea, as determined based on the menstrual pain score using a visual analog scale, was evaluated in seven studies (Table 3); all showed a reduction of dysmenorrhea at 3 months (range, 25.0% to 83.3%), 6 months (range, 44.7% to 100%), 12 months (range, 64.0% to 72.1%), 18 months (54.2%), and 24 months (56.0%).

Table 3.

Improvement of dysmenorrhea after high-intensity focused ultrasound for adenomyosis

Study	Reduction in dysmenorrhea (%)[a)]
	3	6	12	18	24
Magnetic resonance-guided
Polina et al. [19], 2012	60	100	-	-	-
Kim et al. [20], 2011	30.6	44.7	-	-	-
Ultrasound-guided
Liu et al. [13], 2016	61.8	-	-	-	-
Shui et al. [21], 2015	62	-	64	-	56
Long et al. [14], 2015	28.8	53.5	72.1	-	-
Zhou et al. [15], 2011	56.3	-	-	54.2	-
Wang et al. [16], 2009	25.0-83.3[b)]	-	-	-	-

Months after treatment, based on menstrual pain score.

Varied depending on power output (290-420 W).

Five studies reported the degree of uterine volume reduction after HIFU therapy, with values ranging from 12.7% to 54.0% over follow-up periods of 1 to 12 months (Table 4). However, only two articles reported the degree of reduction in adenomyotic lesions over 12 months (Table 4). The nonperfused volume, which is the percentage of the uterine volume ablated and shown as a non-enhancing area on contrast-enhanced T1-weighed MR imaging after the treatment, has been suggested to be associated with the degree of subsequent symptom improvement. This indicator was reported in seven studies, with mean values ranging from 24.4% to 62.5% [11-16,19]. However, a study that reported a range of 5% to 99% was excluded [21].

Table 4.

Volume reduction of the uterus or adenomyotic lesion after high-intensity focused ultrasound

Study	Reduction in uterine volume or adenomyotic lesion volume (%)[a)]
	1	3	6	12
Magnetic resonance-guided
Fan et al. [11], 2012	21.9 (11.9)[a)]	22.5 (28.3)[a)]	29.3 (40.2)[a)]	23.8 (29.1)[a)]
Fukunishi et al. [12], 2008	-	-	12.7	-
Ultrasound-guided
Lee et al. [17], 2015	-	44	47	54
Long et al. [14], 2015	-	-	-	22 (30.2)[a)]

Months after treatment.

Table 5 shows the treatment data, including treatment and sonication time, and the total exposure energy. The volume of the uteri and the adenomyotic lesions were also included when available for reference, as these values may have directly influenced the duration of treatment. Treatment time was generally defined as the time from the first sonication to last sonication, unless otherwise specified in the article, and sonication time referred to the time of ablation when energy was being delivered to the target.

Table 5.

Treatment data

Study	Treatment time[a)]	Sonication time[b)]	Total exposure energy (J)	Volume of uterus (cm3)	Volume of adenomyotic lesion (cm3)
Magnetic resonance-guided
Fan et al. [11], 2012	114±48 (42-192)	990.5±480.6 (245.0-1,727.0)	299,019.5±154,636.0	272.0±99.2 (148.8-440.0)	94.9±54.6 (30.4-208.4)
Polina et al. [19], 2012	110	NA	108,996	NA	91
Kim et al. [20], 2011	150±40	NA	NA	430±230	NA
Fukunishi et al. [12], 2008	<180	NA	157,745.4[c)] (69,066.8-491,840.3)	445±296 (95% CI, 307-584)	NA
Ultrasound-guided
Liu et al. [13], 2016	64[c)] (IQR, 47-91)	1,135[c)] (IQR, 769-1,561)	NA	274.4±174.8 (47-1,390)	70.7±33.0 (16-177)
Lee et al. [17], 2015	82.3[c)]	1,049.4[c)]	363,556.6[c)]	264.1[c)]	NA
Shui et al. [21], 2015	103.8±59.4 (11.0-247.0)	1,197.3±744.2 (114-4,000)	454,016.2±282,200.6 (43,228.8-1,516,800)	253.1±109.3 (100.4-708.2)	66.2±48.6 (4.2-373.3)
Zhou et al. [15], 2011	<180	NA[d)]	NA[d)]	NA[d)]	NA
Wang et al. [16], 2009	NA	(468-3,413)	(138,000-1,432,000)	NA	NA

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation (range), unless otherwise specified.

NA, not available; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range.

Treatment time (in minutes) was defined as the time from the first sonication to the last sonication, except in the study by Fan et al. [11], in which it was defined as the time from the first magnetic resonance localization scan to the last sonication.

Sonication time (in seconds) was defined as the time of ablation when energy was delivered to the target.

Median value.

Mean treatment time between 1,132 and 1,820 seconds, mean total exposure energy between 384,637 and 765,571 J, and mean uterine volume between 213 and 253 cm3; varied depending on power output (290-420 W).

Complications

Complications arising from HIFU in the treatment of adenomyosis were rare. Five of the 11 studies reported no adverse events or serious complications [11,16,18-20]. The complications reported in the other five studies are summarized in Table 6. The most common complication was vaginal discharge or bleeding (range, 2.6% to 58.8%). Tissue burns, as the result of excessive power generated or accumulated in an incorrect target or in organs adjacent to the target, were uncommon. Skin burns, mostly of a mild degree, occurred in seven patients, and there were no reports of bowel or urinary bladder injury. The study carried out by Lee et al. [17] was excluded, as their safety data combined both fibroid and adenomyosis treatment.

Table 6.

Summary of complications

Complication	Fukunishi et al. [12]	Liu et al. [13]	Shui et al. [21]	Long et al. [14]	Zhou et al. [15]
No. of patients	20	230	350	51	77
Leg pain, prolonged[a)]	1 (5)	-	-	-	-
Sacrococcygeal or buttock pain, prolonged[a)]	2 (10)	-	-	4 (7.8)	2 (2.6)
Abdominal pain, prolonged[a)]	-	-	-	1 (1.9)	1 (1.3)
Lower limb or perineal numbness	-	2 (0.8)	1 (0.3)	9 (17.6)	3 (3.9)
Skin burn	-	2[b)] (0.8)	3[b)] (0.9)	-	2[b)] (2.6)
Low grade fever	-	-	1 (0.3)	-	-
Vaginal discharge or bleeding	-	6 (2.6)	27 (7.7)	30 (58.8)	10 (13.0)
Hematuria	-	-	-	-	2 (2.6)
Contact dermatitis to acoustic gel pad	1 (5)	-	-	-	-

Data are presented as number (%).

Lasted more than 7 days.

Four of the seven patients had first-degree burns, and three of the seven patients had second-degree burns.

Discussion

The management of uterine adenomyosis can be challenging, particularly in patients who wish to maintain their fertility [1]. While making treatment decisions, the age of the patients, severity of symptoms, desire for future fertility, and associated pelvic pathologies such as fibroids and endometriosis are important considerations. Various uterine-sparing interventions have been described in managing adenomyosis, including uterine artery embolization, myometrial or adenomyoma excision or reduction, or myometrial electrocoagulation [1,2]. However, insufficient properly designed trials have been conducted for adequate evidence to support one treatment over the other.

HIFU has been shown to be effective and safe in the treatment of uterine fibroids [6-8]. However, in treating adenomyosis, the effectiveness of HIFU is less well established and therefore, in our center, this treatment modality is still considered investigational. Adenomyosis can be a cause of significant morbidity, and further work is needed to explore more effective and safe therapies. The findings from this review seem encouraging, as HIFU appears to be effective in relieving, at least in part, the symptoms of adenomyosis, including menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea over a period of 1-2 years after treatment. This modality can be considered as an alternative option for women with adenomyosis who wish to preserve their uteri. However, as a fertility-sparing option, further evidence is certainly required to reassure clinicians and patients of the safety of this intervention if further pregnancy is desired.

This review includes studies of both MR-guided and US-guided HIFU. Although the principle of therapy is similar in both techniques, it is unclear whether one type of image guidance has advantages over the other. There is no doubt that the guiding images obtained during MR-guided therapy are much better than those obtained during US-guided therapy, especially during intraoperative mapping of the adenomyotic lesion, but whether this leads to better and safer treatment outcomes remains uncertain.

This review has limitations. The lack of primary data in most studies made it impossible to carry out comparative evaluations of certain important parameters, such as the degree of symptom relief, treatment time, and sonication time. Data combining both fibroid and adenomyosis treatment rendered a study unsuitable for evaluation [17]. The cost of each modality was not evaluated. The definitions of certain complications were not provided, so it was difficult to make comparisons between studies. Additionally, it is unfortunate that we were not able to include a recent large review consisting of 9,988 cases, of which 2,549 were adenomyosis, in this study, as no symptom outcome data were reported [6]. Nevertheless, despite these shortcomings, the availability of HIFU is indicative of the potential of advancements in adenomyosis treatment, and awareness of this treatment modality will allow physicians to provide optimal care to their patients.

Conclusion

HIFU appears to be effective and safe in the management of symptomatic adenomyosis, and can be considered as an alternative uterine-sparing option for women with this condition.