Bridgette J Goeieman1, Cynthia S Firnhaber, Eefje Jong, Pam Michelow, Patricia Kegorilwe, Avril Swarts, Anna-Lise Williamson, Bruce Allan, Jennifer S Smith, Timothy J Wilkin. 1. *Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; †Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; ‡Julius Clinical Research, Zeist, the Netherlands; §Cytology Unit, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; ‖Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ¶National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; #Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and **Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anal cancer is a relatively common cancer among HIV-infected populations. There are limited data on the prevalence of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and anal dysplasia in HIV-infected women from resource-constrained settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected women aged 25-65 years recruited from an HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. Cervical and anal swabs were taken for conventional cytology and HR-HPV testing. Women with abnormal anal cytology and 20% of women with negative cytology were seen for high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy of visible lesions. RESULTS: Two hundred women were enrolled. Anal HR-HPV was found in 43%. The anal cytology results were negative in 51 (26%); 97 (49%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), 32 (16%) had atypical squamous cells of unknown significance, and 19 (9.5%) had high-grade SIL or atypical squamous cells suggestive of high-grade SIL. On high-resolution anoscopy, 71 (36%) had atypia or low-grade SIL on anal histology and 17 (8.5%) had high-grade SIL. Overall, 31 (17.5%) had high-grade SIL present on anal cytology or histology. Abnormal cervical cytology was found in 70% and cervical HR-HPV in 41%. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant burden of anal HR-HPV infection, abnormal anal cytology, and high-grade SIL in our cohort. This is the first study of the prevalence of anal dysplasia in HIV-infected women from sub-Saharan Africa. Additional studies are needed to define the epidemiology of these conditions, as well as the incidence of anal cancer, in this population.
BACKGROUND:Anal cancer is a relatively common cancer among HIV-infected populations. There are limited data on the prevalence of anal high-risk humanpapillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and anal dysplasia in HIV-infectedwomen from resource-constrained settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infectedwomen aged 25-65 years recruited from an HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. Cervical and anal swabs were taken for conventional cytology and HR-HPV testing. Women with abnormal anal cytology and 20% of women with negative cytology were seen for high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy of visible lesions. RESULTS: Two hundred women were enrolled. Anal HR-HPV was found in 43%. The anal cytology results were negative in 51 (26%); 97 (49%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), 32 (16%) had atypical squamous cells of unknown significance, and 19 (9.5%) had high-grade SIL or atypical squamous cells suggestive of high-grade SIL. On high-resolution anoscopy, 71 (36%) had atypia or low-grade SIL on anal histology and 17 (8.5%) had high-grade SIL. Overall, 31 (17.5%) had high-grade SIL present on anal cytology or histology. Abnormal cervical cytology was found in 70% and cervical HR-HPV in 41%. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant burden of anal HR-HPV infection, abnormal anal cytology, and high-grade SIL in our cohort. This is the first study of the prevalence of anal dysplasia in HIV-infectedwomen from sub-Saharan Africa. Additional studies are needed to define the epidemiology of these conditions, as well as the incidence of anal cancer, in this population.
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