Proteomic analysis indicates the importance of TPM3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invasion and metastasis.

Numerous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients exhibit tumor recurrence following radical resection. Invasion and metastasis are key factors in poor prognosis following esophagectomy. In the present study, two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix‑assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to define patterns of protein expression in ESCC tissues at different pathological stages. The expression levels of identified proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. A total of fifteen protein spots with >2-fold differences were observed when comparing results of 2-DE for stage III and stage I ESCC tissue sample. A total of 12 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis and database searches. The results of immunohistochemistry and western blotting demonstrated expression levels of tropomyosin 3 (TPM3) were higher in stage III ESCC tissue compared with stage I (P<0.05). The findings of the present study identified twelve proteins, which are closely associated with ESCC invasion and metastasis, apoptosis and cell signal transduction. Furthermore, the overexpression of TPM3 may be important in ESCC invasion and metastasis.

Introduction

Esophageal carcinoma is a leading malignancy in China and the sixth leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (1,2). Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for 90% of esophageal carcinoma in China (3,4) and ~50% of patients exhibit tumor recurrence following radical resection. Although a number of studies investigating esophageal carcinoma have been conducted, the five-year survival rate of patients with ESCC remains quite low. Invasion and metastasis are key factors in poor prognosis following esophagectomy (5,6). Consequently, ESCC invasion and metastasis-associated molecular biomarkers require investigation in order to improve clinical screening, diagnosis and prognosis.

At present, esophageal carcinoma proteomics research focuses on comparing the expression levels of protein in cancer tissue samples with normal tissue samples to explore its value in the diagnosis of early esophageal carcinoma (7–9). However, there have been few proteomic studies into esophageal cancer invasion and metastasis. In the present study, the protein expression profiles in pathological stage I and stage III ESCC tissue samples were investigated using proteomics technology to screen differentially expressed proteins associated with ESCC invasion and metastasis, which were subsequently verified by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.

Materials and methods

Chemicals

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany) unless otherwise specified.

Patients and tissue samples

Patients in the present study were diagnosed with ESCC and did not undergo preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and their tumors were resected in 2008 and 2009 at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital (Fuzhou, China). Cancerous tissue samples were collected from pathological stage I and III ESCC patients for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and western blotting. Stage I and III patients were 60.7±10.4 and 62.5±7.7 years of age, respectively. The specimens were collected immediately following surgery, rinsed thoroughly in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4), snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and maintained at −80°C. This process was completed within 10 min. Tissue samples were collected for immunohistochemistry, including 33 cases of pathological stage I specimens and 33 cases of stage III specimens. All pathological diagnoses were confirmed by two pathologists.

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Protein extraction and quantification

Protein was extracted from stage I and III ESCC epithelial tissue samples by liquid nitrogen homogenization. 2-DE lysis buffer was added to each tissue sample, which was composed of 7 M urea, 4% CHAPS, 40 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 2 M thiourea and 1% immobilized pH gradient (IPG) buffer (pH3-11NL). Samples were homogenized for 5 min, and liquid nitrogen was added a number of times to maintain the low temperature. Samples were then removed and placed into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes. Protein concentration in the samples was determined using the 2-D Quant kit (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Chalfont, UK), according to the manufacturer's protocols. The extraction supernatants were subsequently stored at −80°C.

2-DE and image analysis

Extracted proteins were separated by isoelectrofocusing, which was conducted with an IPGphor-2 instrument (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). A volume of sample equaling 600 µg protein was taken from each sample, and the volume was made up to 450 µl using Destreak Rehydration solution (GE Healthcare Life Sciences), which was subsequently loaded onto the dry strip gel and incubated for 15 h at 20°C for passive rehydration. Following 1-D separation for a total of 96,000 Vh at 20°C (100 V for 4 h, 400 V for 1 h, 1,000 V for 1 h, 2,000 V for 1 h, 4,000 V for 30 min, 8,000 V for 1 h and finally remained at 8,000 V until the value of Vh reached 96,000), strips were sequentially equilibrated with 10 g/l DTT equilibration buffer for 15 min and 25 g/l iodoacetamide buffer (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) for 15 min at room temperature. The 2-D separation was conducted on 1-mm thick 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel (SDS-PAGE), at a power setting of 2 W/gel for the initial 1 h followed by 15 W/gel for 5 h at a temperature of 15°C. Subsequently, the gels were placed into 0.02% Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye R350 and dyed overnight. The gels were eluted with eluent containing methanol, glacial acetic acid and water (1:3:6) and immersed in distilled water for 2 h. Gels were scanned using ImageScanner III (GE Healthcare Life Sciences), and image analysis was performed using ImageMaster 2D Platinum 7.0 software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). Automatic spot detection and gel matching were conducted. Pairs of 2-DE gels composed of stage I and stage III ESCC gels from matched patients were used and the percentage volume of each spot was estimated and analyzed. Protein spots with >2-fold differences were selected for statistical analysis.

Protein analysis

According to the result of the ImageMaster 2D Platinum 7.0 gel image analysis software, spots from the 2-DE were excised from the gel and placed in 0.5 ml centrifuge tubes. The spots were washed three times by ddH2O. Gel particles were washed with 50 mM NH4HCO3 for 30 min and destained with 50% acetonitrile (twice, 30 min each) in 100 mM NH4HCO3 until all traces of Coomassie Brilliant Blue were removed, and washed with double distilled water again. Gel particles were washed with ultrapure water and then dried under vacuum for 30 min, and rehydrated with the digestion solution (20 µg/µl trypsin in 25 mM NH4HCO3). In order to absorb the trypsin enzyme fully, gel particles were stored at 4°C for 30 min, and then at 37°C overnight. The peptides were extracted with 67% acetonitrile/1% trifluoroacetic acid three times. The extracts were subsequently pooled and dried completely prior to mass spectrum identification.

The samples were mixed (1:1) with a saturated matrix solution (4-hydroxycinnamic acid prepared in 50% acetonitrile/1% trifluoroacetic acid). All mass spectra were obtained on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)/mass spectrometry (MS; Applied Biosystems 4800 Proteomics Analyzer; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The MS spectra were acquired in a mass range from 800–4000 Da. The CalMix 5 standard (from the 4800 Proteomics Analyzer calibration mixture; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to calibrate the instrument. The singly charged peaks were analyzed using an interpretation method where the seven most intense peaks were selected, excluding the trypsin autolysis peaks and the matrix ion signal.

Spectra were analyzed by the Global Protein Server Workstation (version 3.6; GPS; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The peptide mass fingerprints and MS/MS data were searched by Mascot version 2.1 software (Matrix Science, Ltd., London, UK). Searches were preformed against the National Center for Biotechnology Information database with the following parameter settings: Trypsin cleavage, one missed cleavage allowed; 50 ppm mass accuracy; and 0.25 Da MS/MS accuracy. Identification with a GPS confidence index ≥95% was considered acceptable.

Western blotting

Total proteins were extracted from 100 mg stage I and stage III ESCC tissues and quantified using the Bradford assay according to the manufacturer's protocols. Proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked in 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 2 h at room temperature. After washing with PBS three times, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The primary antibodies were monoclonal mouse anti-human tropomyosin 3 (TPM3) antibody (dilution, 1:1,000; cat. no. ab113692; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or anti-β-actin antibody (dilution, 1:1,500; cat. no. ab8226; Abcam). Following washing with PBS three times, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (dilution, 1:1,500; cat. no. ab6728, Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. The signals were detected using the BeyoECL Plus enhanced chemiluminescence kit (cat. no. P0018; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) and ImageQuant LAS 4000mini (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). The results were analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and assessment

IHC staining was performed on 5-mm thick sections from paraffin-embedded specimens using Histostain®-Plus kits (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The slides with paraffin sections were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated in a graded series of ethanol. For antigen retrieval, the slides were heated in a microwave for 10 min in citrate buffer solution (pH 6) and washed in PBS. Subsequently, the slides were incubated with monoclonal mouse anti-human TPM3 antibody (dilution, 1:150; cat. no. ab113692; Abcam) and BSA for 30 min at room temperature. Slides were gently washed in PBS three times followed by incubation with secondary antibody [dilution, 1:200; cat. no. KIT-5910; MaxVision (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, China] for 15 min at room temperature. Slides were rinsed with PBS again, and the color was developed by diaminobenzidine [MaxVision (Shanghai) Ltd.]. As a negative staining control, the primary antibody was replaced with PBS.

Slides were observed by light microscopy (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The results were independently evaluated by two pathologists who were blinded to the clinicopathological information. A semiquantitative scoring method was used in which staining intensity and the proportion of cells stained were considered. The values of staining intensity were evaluated (0, no staining; 1, weak staining; 2, moderate staining; or 3, strong staining), and the values of percentage of cells stained were assessed (0, <1%; 1, 1–25%; 2, 26–50%; 3, 51–75%; or 4, >75%). The two scores were multiplied and divided into two grades, negative (score, 0–4), and positive (score, 5–12).

Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 (SPSS IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Fisher's exact tests were used to compare differences between continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson's χ2 tests. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

2-DE gels of stage I ESCC tissues were compared with their corresponding matched stage III ESCC tissues. Protein spots were detected according to the different protein expression patterns of specimens and the similarity of the protein expression spectrum. A total of 821±28 protein spots with 80.3% matching ratio were observed in protein maps of stage I ESCC tissues, and 853±31 spots with 82.5% matching ratio were identified in protein maps of stage III ESCC tissues. In addition, fifteen protein spots with >2-fold differences were observed between stage I ESCC tissues and stage III ESCC tissues (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Two-dimensional protein map based on a representative gel for stage I ESCC tissues and stage III ESCC tissues. (A) Protein expression profiles of (A) stage III and (B) stage I ESCC tissue. ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Mass spectrometric analysis

These fifteen protein spots with >2-fold difference were then excised, in-gel digested and analyzed with a MALDI-TOF/MS. The observed peptide mass spectra were analyzed by peptide mass fingerprinting, and 12 differentially expressed proteins were identified (listed in Table I). These proteins are closely associated with ESCC invasion and metastasis, apoptosis and cell signal transduction. The peptide mass fingerprinting of TPM3 is presented in Fig. 2.

Table I.

Characteristics of identified differential expressed proteins in stage III ESCC tissue samples compared with stage I samples.

Number	Protein name	Accession number	pI	MW	Score	CI (%)
1	TPM3	IPI00218319	4.75	29014.7	312	100
2	IL1RN	IPI00218573	4.73	19884.6	516	100
3	MYL12B	IPI00033494	4.71	19766.5	294	100
4	hnRNP F	IPI00003881	5.38	45642.9	307	100
5	Albumin	IPI00878282	5.93	22844	242	100
6	Desmin	IPI00465084	5.21	53502.1	841	100
7	Cystatin-A	IPI00032325	5.38	10999.7	293	100
8	RPSA 30 kDa protein	IPI00927101	5.15	29487	442	100
9	Involucrin	IPI00011692	4.62	69561.8	590	100
10	MGC29506	IPI00102821	5.37	20681.2	561	100
11	Vimentin	IPI00418471	5.06	53619.3	364	100
12	TPM2	IPI00013991	4.66	32830.6	187	100
13	HSPB1	IPI00025512	5.98	22768.5	437	100

ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; pI, isoelectric point; MW, molecular weight; CI, confidence index; TPM3, isoform 2 of tropomyosin −3 chain; IL1RN, isoform 3 of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein; MYL12B, myosin regulatory light chain 12B RLC; hnRNP F, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F; MGC29506, isoform 1 of proapoptotic caspase adapter protein; TPM2, isoform 1 of tropomyosin b chain; HSPB1, heat shock protein β-1.

Figure 2.

Mass spectrum of tropomyosin 3 generated from the digested peptides of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis spot.

Western blot analysis

The protein expression levels of TPM3 in stage I and stage III ESCC tissues were analyzed using western blotting. As presented in Fig. 3, the expression of TPM3 in stage III ESCC tissues was significantly higher than in stage I ESCC tissues (P=0.009) which was consistent with the results of the proteomic analysis.

Figure 3.

TPM3 is downregulated in stage I ESCC tissues. Western blotting analysis of TPM3 expression in stage III ESCC tissues and stage I ESCC tissues from matched patients. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n=10). *P<0.01 vs. stage III ESCC. TPM3, tropomyosin 3; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; A, absorbance.

IHC

The expression levels of TPM3 protein in the 33 stage I specimens and 33 stage III specimens were observed using immunohistochemical staining. Cytoplasm staining was considered as positive. The levels of staining depended on the expression of TPM3 and the rate of positive cells (Fig. 4). The immunohistochemical results indicated the expression levels of TPM3 in stage III ESCC tissues were significantly higher than in stage I ESCC tissues (P=0.005; Table II).

Figure 4.

Immunohistochemical staining of TPM3 expression in stage I and stage III ESCC tissues. (A-C) TPM3-positive staining was observed in stage I ESCC tissues. (D-F) TPM3-positive staining was observed in stage III ESCC tissues. (A and D) magnification, ×100; (B and E) magnification, ×200; (C and F) magnification, ×400. TPM3, tropomyosin 3; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Table II.

Clinical data and TPM3 expression in stage I and III ESCC patients by immunohistochemistry.

	Stage I	Stage III
Factors	ESCC	ESCC	P-value
Total	33	33
Gender			0.108
Male	20	26
Female	13	7
Age			0.447
<60 years	19	22
≥60 years	14	11
Tumor differentiation			0.109
Well	15	15
Moderate	17	12
Poor	1	6
Tumor location			0.649
Upper	5	8
Middle	20	18
Lower	8	7
Expression of TPM3			0.005
Positive	7	18
Negative	26	15

TPM3, tropomyosin 3; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Discussion

Previous studies have demonstrated that expression changes of genes and proteins are associated with tumor progression (6,10–13). The mutant genes are transcribed and translated into proteins, and the expression levels of proteins dictate the tumor phenotype and regulate its biological behavior. Thus, proteomics can reflect the features of tumor biology more effectively than genomics (8). Using the proteomics method, Uemura et al (11) demonstrated the high expression of transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) was associated with ESCC lymph node metastasis and detecting the expression of TGM3 may provide a novel strategy for preventing the recurrence of ESCC. Fan et al (14) performed a proteomic analysis and suggested that TP-α, collagen type VI α-1 chain and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 may be important in the development of ESCC (14).

ESCC tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging is associated with the biological behavior of tumor cells and reflects the degree of tumor malignancy. At present, proteins associated with ESCC TNM staging have not been determined. The differential expressed proteins were compared between stage I ESCC tissues and stage III ESCC tissues in the present study using 2-DE and MS. Twelve differentially expressed proteins were identified including TPM3, isoform 3 of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL1RN), myosin regulatory light chain 12B RLC (MYL12B), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (hnRNP F), albumin, desmin (DES), cystatin-A (CSTA), RPSA 30 kDa protein, involucrin, isoform 1 of proapoptotic caspase adapter protein (MGC29506), vimentin, tropomyosin 2 (TPM2), and heat shock protein β-1. These differentially expressed proteins may be involved in ESCC invasion and metastasis, apoptosis and cell signal transduction.

Previous studies have demonstrated the identified differentially expressed proteins are important role in the development of tumors. IL1RN promoted Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach and increased the risk of the formation of non-cardia gastric cancer (15,16). Cytoskeleton rearrangement altered the activity of colon cancer cells, which was associated with MYL12B (17). Su et al (18) observed that the overexpression of hnRNP F influenced the development of colon tumors and interfered with normal apoptosis and energy metabolism of bladder cells, which could result in bladder cancer. DES, TPM3, TPM2 and vimentin are important in maintaining the stability of the cytoskeleton, and changes in vimentin expression were associated with liver cancer metastasis and recurrence (19). A previous study indicated that smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease promoted respiratory tract squamous carcinoma by upregulating CSTA expression levels (20). Downregulation of involucrin participated in the development of squamous carcinomas via influencing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (21). MGC29506 promoted the progress of gastric cancer via altering the cell cycle (22). Chen et al (23) reported that decreasing HSPB1 expression was associated with the low differentiation of ESCC (23).

Choi et al (24) demonstrated the overexpression of TPM3 altered liver cancer cell invasion and metastasis via influencing EMT. Using 2-DE and MS, the present study observed the expression levels of TPM3 in stage III ESCC tissues were significantly higher than stage I. Thus, the effects of TPM3 on ESCC invasion and metastasis were further investigated in the current study.

TPM3 encodes an actin-binding protein, which is a member of the tropomyosin family. In skeletal muscle, TPM3 meditates the reaction of myosin and actin with Ca2+ ions and stabilizes the microfilament cytoskeleton of muscle cells (25). However, the functions of TPM3 protein in non-muscle cells require further elucidation. Previous studies have demonstrated that TPM3 contributes to tumorigenesis in the thyroid papillary carcinoma and chronic eosinophilic granulocyte leukemia by fusing with neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1 and Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, respectively (26,27). The results of the western blotting and IHC in the present study demonstrated that the protein expression levels of TPM3 in stage III ESCC tissues were significantly higher compared with stage I. Thus, the present study hypothesized that the high expression levels of TPM3 may be associated with the invasion and metastasis of ESCC while the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Gene transfection and RNA interference technology will be applied in further research. TPM3 plasmids will be constructed and stably transfected in human ESCC cells in order to observe the influence of changes in TPM3 gene expression on ESCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell-cycle distribution and invasion ability.

In conclusion, a total of 12 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the present study. All of these proteins were closely associated with ESCC invasion and metastasis, apoptosis and cell signal transduction. The overexpression of TPM3 in stage III ESCC tissues was also verified, which may be important in ESCC invasion and metastasis. The present study helped to investigate the mechanism underlying the influence of differentially expressed proteins on ESCC invasion and metastasis, and search the markers associated with ESCC diagnosis, which may optimize patient treatment strategies.