Low-Dose Prostate Cancer Brachytherapy with Radioactive Palladium-Gold Nanoparticles.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death among men. Low-dose brachytherapy is an increasingly used treatment for PCa, which requires the implantation of tens of radioactive seeds. This treatment causes discomfort; these implants cannot be removed, and they generate image artifacts. In this study, the authors report on intratumoral injections of radioactive gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as an alternative to seeds. The particles (103 Pd:Pd@Au-PEG and 103 Pd:Pd@198 Au:Au-PEG; 10-14 nm Pd@Au core, 36-48 nm hydrodynamic diameter) are synthesized by a one-pot process and characterized by electron microscopy. Administrated as low volume (2-4 µL) single doses (1.6-1.7 mCi), the particles are strongly retained in PCa xenograft tumors, impacting on their growth rate. After 4 weeks, a tumor volume inhibition of 56% and of 75%, compared to the controls, is observed for 103 Pd:Pd@Au-PEG NPs and 103 Pd:Pd@198 Au:Au-PEG NPs, respectively. Skin necrosis is observed with 198 Au; therefore, Au NPs labeled with 103 Pd only are a more advisable choice. Overall, this is the first study confirming the impact of 103 Pd@Au NPs on tumor growth. This new brachytherapy procedure could allow tunable doses of radioactivity, administered with smaller needles than with the current technologies, and leading to fewer image artifacts.