The burden of chronic pain and the role of neurorehabilitation: consensus matters where evidence is lacking.

Pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical attention. When chronic, it diminishes self-perceived health status, interferes with everyday activities, lowers productivity, and affects personal relationships. Persistent noncancer pain can also result in depressive symptoms.1 The prevalence of chronic pain ranges from 8% to 48% in the general population, with a weighted average prevalence of 22%.2 According to a systematic review of chronic noncancer pain in Europe, the 1-month prevalence of moderate-to-severe pain is estimated to be 19%.1 A Canadian study documented that chronic pain is more prevalent among women (16.5%–21.5%) and the elderly (23.9%–31.3%), with women aged 65 years and older accounting for the majority of pain sufferers (26.0%–34.2%).3 The prevalence of neuropathic pain, as defined in two general population surveys,4,5 was found to range between 3% and 18%; the average prevalence was 7% when weighted by study size.2 In patients with comorbid illnesses, 15% of patients with diabetes mellitus report painful peripheral neuropathy,2 19%–74% of stroke survivors suffer from poststroke pain,6 with a mean overall prevalence of 29.6%.7 Furthermore, the overall point prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis is around 50%,6 neuropathic pain affects 40% of patients with spinal cord injury,2,6 and up to 80% of Parkinson’s disease patients report some type of pain.8

Chronic pain places a huge burden on all quality of life and daily living domains, including independence and self-management, personal relationships, sexual function, household chores, work, mobility, exercise, enjoyment, and sleep. In addition, it is also associated with reduced attention, cognitive symptoms, depressive mood, and anxiety.2,9 Patients with moderate-to-severe chronic pain require more physician visits and medications and spend more days in hospital, incurring costs 2–3 times higher than patients with no or mild pain.2,10 From a societal perspective, chronic pain reduces work productivity and labor market participation and increases absenteeism from work, resulting in costs 1.2–7.8 times higher than in people without pain.2,9,11 It has been suggested that the mortality rate is higher for patients with chronic pain,2 but this finding was not confirmed after adjusting for potential confounders, such as lifestyle factors, physical activity, and smoking status.12

Correct diagnosis and adequate treatment of pain would not only benefit affected patients but also reduce health care utilization and related societal costs.2,11 Pain is common in the neurorehabilitation setting. Among the medical conditions requiring rehabilitation in the US, for example, low back pain and arthritis carry the highest economic and social costs of all painful syndromes.13 Despite the centrality of pain as a target of neurorehabilitation and as a factor potentially affecting treatment outcome, guidelines and consensus statements on pain management in this setting have long been lacking.14 To fill this knowledge gap, the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCPN) called together a panel of experts in neurology, (neuro)rehabilitation, and/or pain.14

There are no data from neurorehabilitation studies applying methods from evidence-based medicine (EBM) because of the difficulty in blinding investigators and patients to the intervention and the lack of standardization of physical therapy and rehabilitation procedures. Therefore, rather than conduct a systematic review of the literature, we took advantage of the consensus conference format since it offers a broad perspective that can be gained from multiple sources, including observational, case–control and other types of studies, expert opinion, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, guidelines, and recommendations.14 The main limitation of a consensus conference is the potential arbitrariness of the conclusions; however, a large panel of experts from various fields of medicine may at least partially overcome any bias. The ICCPN full methods are reported in detail in a recently published methodological paper.14

The ICCPN task force comprised 27 working groups and included 128 experts from a wide range of specialties (neurology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, pain medicine, psychology, neurophysiology, pharmacology, physical therapy, orthopedics, gynecology, and urology), which reflected the multidisciplinary approach typical of neurorehabilitation. The literature search and the evaluation and scoring of the reviewed articles14 took several years to complete. The ICCPN recommendations have been recently published in open access format.6,8,15–19 The ICCPN yielded 252 recommendations, 32 (12.7%) of which were scored as Grade A, 58 (23.0%) as Grade B, 39 (15.5%) as Grade C, and 27 (10.7%) as Grade D. The majority of the recommendations (96/252, 38.1%) were based on expert opinion, in the absence of any consistent evidence, and were scored as a good practice point. Although most of the Grades A and B evidence came from studies in neurology, clinical neurophysiology, or pain therapy, it was still considered to be pertinent to neurorehabilitation. Many of the recommendations on physical therapies and exercise received low scores (D or good practice point). Taken together, they underscore the overall low quality of current EBM data on pain assessment and treatment in neurorehabilitation. This limitation notwithstanding, valuable lessons can be learned on how to design more robust and methodologically sound RCTs in this setting.

There is an emerging debate on how to improve the design of clinical trials to make their results more useful for the real-life clinical setting or a specific health care scenario.20 Researchers in neurorehabilitation should aim for a pragmatic design of their RCTs. Moreover, the efficacy of a multidisciplinary approach, which characterizes neurorehabilitation, relies on a combination of pharmacological treatments, physical and occupational therapy, and psychological interventions to be tested in pain conditions, such as the complex regional pain syndrome, where single interventions alone are poorly effective.19

Although patient-centered measures, such as quality of life scores, measures of degree of disability, and impact on daily living activities are common outcomes, quite disappointingly, the ICCPN found no strong evidence about which assessment scales should be used for evaluating patients with pain in neurorehabilitation. Further work is needed to better address this issue. Moreover, these outcomes should be incorporated in RCTs to explore whether they could serve as a better proxy for patient satisfaction than changes in pain intensity alone.

Until solid EBM data become available, the ICCPN recommendations may provide helpful guidance for improving pain assessment and treatment in the neurorehabilitation setting.