Therapeutic Modulation of Calcium Dynamics using Ultrasound and Other Energy-based Techniques.

Ultrasound, along with other types of energy-based methods, has been widely investigated for use in various therapeutic applications because of its ability to stimulate specific biological processes. Many of these processes are mediated by calcium (Ca2+) signaling, thus making modulation of Ca2+ dynamics an evident therapeutic target for energy-based techniques. Various diseases have been associated with abnormal Ca2+ signaling and could therefore benefit from therapeutic approaches trying to regulate the transport of Ca2+ across cell membranes. Here, we review published literature on the use of mechanical, electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic energy in modulating Ca2+ transients with particular emphasis on therapeutic ultrasound. We further provide brief discussions on the role of Ca2+ in living cells and the use of different experimental techniques to determine and measure its contribution to different biological processes. Finally, we explore the benefits, limitations and potential clinical applications of different energy-based modalities that can be utilized in modulation of Ca2+ signaling.