Kate Lambrechts1,2, Costantino Balestra3, Michaël Theron1, Anne Henckes4, Hubert Galinat5, Fanny Mignant5, Marc Belhomme1, Jean-Michel Pontier6, François Guerrero7. 1. ORPHY Laboratory, UBO, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29200, Brest, France. 2. IRBA-ERRSO, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute-Resident Operational Subaquatic Research Team, Toulon, BP 610, 83800, Toulon, France. 3. Environmental and Occupational Physiology Laboratory (ISEK), Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160, Brussels, Belgium. 4. Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, CHRU Cavale Blanche, 29200, Brest, France. 5. Hematology Laboratory, CHRU Cavale Blanche, 29200, Brest, France. 6. Hyperbaric Medicine and Diving Expertise Department, Military Teaching Hospital, HIA Sainte Anne, BP 610, 83000, Toulon, France. 7. ORPHY Laboratory, UBO, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, 29200, Brest, France. francois.guerrero@univ-brest.fr.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown vascular dysfunction of main conductance arteries and microvessels after diving. We aim to evaluate the impact of bubble formation on vascular function and haemostasis. To achieve this, we used a vibration preconditioning to influence bubble levels without changing any other parameters linked to the dive. METHODS:Twentty-six divers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) the "vibrations-dive" group (VD; n = 9) was exposed to a whole-body vibration session 30 min prior the dive; (2) the "diving" group (D; n = 9) served as a control for the effect of the diving protocol; (3) The "vibration" protocol (V; n = 8) allowed us to assess the effect of vibrations without diving. Macro- and microvascular function was assessed for each subject before and after the dive, subsequently. Bubble grades were monitored with Doppler according to the Spencer grading system. Blood was taken before and after the protocol to assess any change of platelets or endothelial function. RESULTS:Bubble formation was lower in the VD than the diving group. The other measured parameters remained unchanged after the "vibration" protocol alone. Diving alone induced macrovascular dysfunction, and increased PMP and thrombin generation. Those parameters were no longer changed in the VD group. Conversely, a microvascular dysfunction persists despite a significant decrease of circulating bubbles. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, the results of this study suggest that macro- but not microvascular impairment results at least partly from bubbles, possibly related to platelet activation and generation of pro-coagulant microparticles.
RCT Entities:
PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown vascular dysfunction of main conductance arteries and microvessels after diving. We aim to evaluate the impact of bubble formation on vascular function and haemostasis. To achieve this, we used a vibration preconditioning to influence bubble levels without changing any other parameters linked to the dive. METHODS: Twentty-six divers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) the "vibrations-dive" group (VD; n = 9) was exposed to a whole-body vibration session 30 min prior the dive; (2) the "diving" group (D; n = 9) served as a control for the effect of the diving protocol; (3) The "vibration" protocol (V; n = 8) allowed us to assess the effect of vibrations without diving. Macro- and microvascular function was assessed for each subject before and after the dive, subsequently. Bubble grades were monitored with Doppler according to the Spencer grading system. Blood was taken before and after the protocol to assess any change of platelets or endothelial function. RESULTS: Bubble formation was lower in the VD than the diving group. The other measured parameters remained unchanged after the "vibration" protocol alone. Diving alone induced macrovascular dysfunction, and increased PMP and thrombin generation. Those parameters were no longer changed in the VD group. Conversely, a microvascular dysfunction persists despite a significant decrease of circulating bubbles. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, the results of this study suggest that macro- but not microvascular impairment results at least partly from bubbles, possibly related to platelet activation and generation of pro-coagulant microparticles.
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