Juha Auvinen1, Pasi J Eskola2, Hanni-Rosa Ohtonen3, Markus Paananen3, Jari Jokelainen4, Markku Timonen5, Jussi Vahtera6, Päivi Leino-Arjas7, Jaro Karppinen8. 1. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Finland. Electronic address: juha.auvinen@oulu.fi. 2. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Electronic address: pasi.eskola@oulu.fi. 3. Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 4. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Finland. 5. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 6. Department of Public Health, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland. 7. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland. 8. Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although several studies have shown that adolescent musculoskeletal pain is associated with psychological problems in a cross-sectional setting, the associations of long-term musculoskeletal pain with psychological distress and anxiety are not known. METHODS: The study included 1773 adolescents belonging to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. They received a postal questionnaire at the age of 16years and a follow-up questionnaire two years later. The first inquiry contained questions about the sites of musculoskeletal pain; the second had the same pain questions, along with measures of distress and anxiety. Risk ratios (RR) were assessed by log-linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Multi-site musculoskeletal pain (in ≥2 body locations) at both 16 and 18years was common, reported by 53% of girls and 30% of boys. Multi-site pain at both ages, compared to those with multi-site pain neither at 16 nor 18years, was associated with psychological distress at the age of 18 among both girls (RR 1.8 95% CI 1.2-2.7) and boys (RR 3.5 95% CI 2.1-5.9). For anxiety, the corresponding relative risks were 1.5 (95% CI 1.0-2.2) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.4-2.3), respectively. For short-term multi-site pain (prevalent only at the age of 16 or 18), these relative risks were between 0.8 and 2.3. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with long-term multi-site pain have higher levels of distress and anxiety than those without or with only short-term multi-site pain. Associations were found in both genders, but the relationship between pain and distress was more pronounced among boys. The associations had modest effect strength.
OBJECTIVE: Although several studies have shown that adolescent musculoskeletal pain is associated with psychological problems in a cross-sectional setting, the associations of long-term musculoskeletal pain with psychological distress and anxiety are not known. METHODS: The study included 1773 adolescents belonging to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. They received a postal questionnaire at the age of 16years and a follow-up questionnaire two years later. The first inquiry contained questions about the sites of musculoskeletal pain; the second had the same pain questions, along with measures of distress and anxiety. Risk ratios (RR) were assessed by log-linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Multi-site musculoskeletal pain (in ≥2 body locations) at both 16 and 18years was common, reported by 53% of girls and 30% of boys. Multi-site pain at both ages, compared to those with multi-site pain neither at 16 nor 18years, was associated with psychological distress at the age of 18 among both girls (RR 1.8 95% CI 1.2-2.7) and boys (RR 3.5 95% CI 2.1-5.9). For anxiety, the corresponding relative risks were 1.5 (95% CI 1.0-2.2) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.4-2.3), respectively. For short-term multi-site pain (prevalent only at the age of 16 or 18), these relative risks were between 0.8 and 2.3. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with long-term multi-site pain have higher levels of distress and anxiety than those without or with only short-term multi-site pain. Associations were found in both genders, but the relationship between pain and distress was more pronounced among boys. The associations had modest effect strength.
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