Santosh George1,2, Peter Geldhof1, Marco Albonico3,4, Shaali M Ame5, Jeffrey M Bethony6, Dirk Engels7, Zeleke Mekonnen8, Antonio Montresor7, Sopheak Hem9, Louis-Albert Tchuem-Tchuenté10, Nguyen Thu Huong11, Gagandeep Kang2, Jozef Vercruysse1, Bruno Levecke1. 1. Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. 2. Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. 3. Center for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital - WHO Collaborating Centre on strongyloidiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections, Negrar, Italy. 4. University of Torino, Italy. 5. Public Health Laboratory, Ivo de Carneri, Chake-chake, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 6. Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, USA. 7. Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 8. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. 9. Clinical Laboratory, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 10. Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. 11. Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms) is traditionally based on the demonstration of eggs in stool using microscopic techniques. While molecular techniques are more appropriate to speciate STH species they are seldom applied. In this study we speciated STH eggs from stool using molecular techniques to gain insights into the distribution of both human and animal STH species in the human host. METHODS: We speciated 207 STH egg isolates from stool collected during the baseline survey of six drug efficacy trials conducted in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Vietnam applying a PCR - restriction fragment length polymorphisms based approach. RESULTS: DNA of Ascaris was detected in 71 (34.3%) samples, of which all were identified as the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. In 87 (42.0%) samples, DNA of Trichuris spp. was found and further speciation demonstrated the presence of the human Trichuris trichiura (100%) and the canine Trichuris vulpis (n=7; 8.0%; in Cameroon only). Hookworms were identified in 104 (50.2%) samples, with Necator americanus (n=73; 70.2%) being the predominant species followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (n=40; 38.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that STH infections in humans are predominantly caused by human STH species. They also suggest that zoonotic transmission occurs on a local scale.
BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms) is traditionally based on the demonstration of eggs in stool using microscopic techniques. While molecular techniques are more appropriate to speciate STH species they are seldom applied. In this study we speciated STH eggs from stool using molecular techniques to gain insights into the distribution of both human and animal STH species in the human host. METHODS: We speciated 207 STH egg isolates from stool collected during the baseline survey of six drug efficacy trials conducted in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Vietnam applying a PCR - restriction fragment length polymorphisms based approach. RESULTS: DNA of Ascaris was detected in 71 (34.3%) samples, of which all were identified as the humanroundwormAscaris lumbricoides. In 87 (42.0%) samples, DNA of Trichuris spp. was found and further speciation demonstrated the presence of the humanTrichuris trichiura (100%) and the canineTrichuris vulpis (n=7; 8.0%; in Cameroon only). Hookworms were identified in 104 (50.2%) samples, with Necator americanus (n=73; 70.2%) being the predominant species followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (n=40; 38.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that STH infections in humans are predominantly caused by humanSTH species. They also suggest that zoonotic transmission occurs on a local scale.
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