BACKGROUND: All stages of development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have not been equally studied. While initiation of drinking has been given considerable attention, other stages have not been as thoroughly investigated. It is not clear whether the same factors are associated consistently across early and late transitions in AUD involvement. High-risk family samples that are enriched for AUD vulnerability and transitions in AUD development offer an opportunity to examine influences across multiple stages of AUD development. METHODS: Data from adolescents and young adults from high-risk families were used to study 4 transitions in AUD development-time to first drink, first drink to first problem, first drink to first diagnosis, and first problem to first diagnosis. Cox modeling was used to compare associations of parental AUD, parental separation, peer substance use, offspring ever-use of cannabis, trauma exposures, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology across transitions. RESULTS: Hazards of most transitions were elevated for those who had ever used cannabis, those who attributed substance use to their peers, those with externalizing disorders, and those with parents with AUD. Many risk factors were linked to early initiation of alcohol, particularly cannabis use. Internalizing disorders were associated with later stages. Nonassaultive trauma was associated only with early initiation; assaultive trauma was not associated with any transition. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, ethnically diverse sample of high-risk youth, significant influences across transitions were fairly consistent, with externalizing disorders and cannabis ever-use elevating the likelihood of each stage, and peer and parental (and especially maternal AUD) influences linked to initiation and some later stages. Finally, in light of the increasingly permissive legal and social stances toward cannabis in the United States, the marked elevations of all alcohol outcomes observed for cannabis use underscore the importance of studying the underpinnings of this relationship.
BACKGROUND: All stages of development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have not been equally studied. While initiation of drinking has been given considerable attention, other stages have not been as thoroughly investigated. It is not clear whether the same factors are associated consistently across early and late transitions in AUD involvement. High-risk family samples that are enriched for AUD vulnerability and transitions in AUD development offer an opportunity to examine influences across multiple stages of AUD development. METHODS: Data from adolescents and young adults from high-risk families were used to study 4 transitions in AUD development-time to first drink, first drink to first problem, first drink to first diagnosis, and first problem to first diagnosis. Cox modeling was used to compare associations of parental AUD, parental separation, peer substance use, offspring ever-use of cannabis, trauma exposures, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology across transitions. RESULTS: Hazards of most transitions were elevated for those who had ever used cannabis, those who attributed substance use to their peers, those with externalizing disorders, and those with parents with AUD. Many risk factors were linked to early initiation of alcohol, particularly cannabis use. Internalizing disorders were associated with later stages. Nonassaultive trauma was associated only with early initiation; assaultive trauma was not associated with any transition. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, ethnically diverse sample of high-risk youth, significant influences across transitions were fairly consistent, with externalizing disorders and cannabis ever-use elevating the likelihood of each stage, and peer and parental (and especially maternal AUD) influences linked to initiation and some later stages. Finally, in light of the increasingly permissive legal and social stances toward cannabis in the United States, the marked elevations of all alcohol outcomes observed for cannabis use underscore the importance of studying the underpinnings of this relationship.
Authors: Mary Waldron; Julia D Grant; Kathleen K Bucholz; Michael T Lynskey; Wendy S Slutske; Anne L Glowinski; Anjali Henders; Dixie J Statham; Nicholas G Martin; Andrew C Heath Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2013-09-19 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: K B Werner; V V McCutcheon; A Agrawal; C E Sartor; E C Nelson; A C Heath; K K Bucholz Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2016-03-08 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: J P Rice; T Reich; K K Bucholz; R J Neuman; R Fishman; N Rochberg; V M Hesselbrock; J I Nurnberger; M A Schuckit; H Begleiter Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 1995-08 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Marc A Schuckit; Tom L Smith; George Danko; Robert Anthenelli; Lara Schoen; Mari Kawamura; John Kramer; Danielle M Dick; Zoe Neale; Samuel Kuperman; Vivia McCutcheon; Andrey P Anokhin; Victor Hesselbrock; Michie Hesselbrock; Kathleen Bucholz Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2017-05-24 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Vivia V McCutcheon; Arpana Agrawal; Sally I-Chun Kuo; Jinni Su; Danielle M Dick; Jacquelyn L Meyers; Howard J Edenberg; John I Nurnberger; John R Kramer; Samuel Kuperman; Marc A Schuckit; Victor M Hesselbrock; Andrew Brooks; Bernice Porjesz; Kathleen K Bucholz Journal: Addiction Date: 2017-09-06 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Arpana Agrawal; Rebecca Tillman; Richard A Grucza; Elliot C Nelson; Vivia V McCutcheon; Lauren Few; Kenneth R Conner; Michael T Lynskey; Danielle M Dick; Howard J Edenberg; Victor M Hesselbrock; John R Kramer; Samuel Kuperman; John I Nurnberger; Marc A Schuckit; Bernice Porjesz; Kathleen K Bucholz Journal: J Affect Disord Date: 2017-02-03 Impact factor: 4.839
Authors: Grace Chan; John R Kramer; Marc A Schuckit; Victor Hesselbrock; Kathleen K Bucholz; Howard J Edenberg; Laura Acion; Douglas Langbehn; Vivia McCutcheon; John I Nurnberger; Michie Hesselbrock; Bernice Porjesz; Laura Bierut; Bethany C Marenna; Angella Cookman; Samuel Kuperman Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2019-06-30 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Marc A Schuckit; Tom L Smith; George Danko; John Kramer; Kathleen K Bucholz; Vivia McCutcheon; Grace Chan; Samuel Kuperman; Victor Hesselbrock; Danielle M Dick; Michie Hesselbrock; Bernice Porjesz; Howard J Edenberg; John I Nureberger; Marcy Gregg; Lara Schoen; Mari Kawamura; Lee Anne Mendoza Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2018-07-05 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Dongbing Lai; Leah Wetherill; Sarah Bertelsen; Caitlin E Carey; Chella Kamarajan; Manav Kapoor; Jacquelyn L Meyers; Andrey P Anokhin; David A Bennett; Kathleen K Bucholz; Katharine K Chang; Philip L De Jager; Danielle M Dick; Victor Hesselbrock; John Kramer; Samuel Kuperman; John I Nurnberger; Towfique Raj; Marc Schuckit; Denise M Scott; Robert E Taylor; Jay Tischfield; Ahmad R Hariri; Howard J Edenberg; Arpana Agrawal; Ryan Bogdan; Bernice Porjesz; Alison M Goate; Tatiana Foroud Journal: Genes Brain Behav Date: 2019-06-04 Impact factor: 3.449
Authors: Emma C Johnson; Celine L St Pierre; Jacquelyn L Meyers; Fazil Aliev; Vivia V McCutcheon; Dongbing Lai; Danielle M Dick; Alison M Goate; John Kramer; Samuel Kuperman; John I Nurnberger; Marc A Schuckit; Bernice Porjesz; Howard J Edenberg; Kathleen K Bucholz; Arpana Agrawal Journal: Alcohol Clin Exp Res Date: 2019-05-21 Impact factor: 3.455
Authors: Jessica E Salvatore; Peter B Barr; Mallory Stephenson; Fazil Aliev; Sally I-Chun Kuo; Jinni Su; Arpana Agrawal; Laura Almasy; Laura Bierut; Kathleen Bucholz; Grace Chan; Howard J Edenberg; Emma C Johnson; Vivia V McCutcheon; Jacquelyn L Meyers; Marc Schuckit; Jay Tischfield; Leah Wetherill; Danielle M Dick Journal: Addiction Date: 2019-10-28 Impact factor: 6.526