OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the potential of compliance with Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) and increased vitamin D fortification to meet the recommended intake level of vitamin D at 10 µg/day based on minimal exposure to sunlight. METHODS: The main dietary sources of vitamin D were derived from national dietary surveys in adults from United Kingdom (UK) (n = 911), Netherlands (NL) (n = 1,526), and Sweden (SE) (n = 974). The theoretical increase in population vitamin D intake was simulated for the following: (1) compliance with FBDG, (2) increased level of vitamin D in commonly fortified foods, and (3) combination of both. RESULTS: Median usual vitamin D intake was 2.4 (interquartile range 1.7-3.4) µg/day in UK, 3.4 (2.7-4.2) µg/day in NL, and 5.3 (3.9-7.3) µg/day in SE. The top 3 dietary sources of vitamin D were fish, fat-based spreads (margarines), and meat. Together, these delivered up to two-thirds of total vitamin D intake on average. Compliance with FBDG for fish, margarine, and meat increased vitamin D intake to 4.6 (4.1-5.1) µg/day in UK, 5.2 (4.9-5.5) µg/day in NL, and 7.7 (7.0-8.5) µg/day in SE. Doubling the vitamin D levels in margarines and milk would increase vitamin D intake to 4.9 (3.6-6.5) µg/day in UK, 6.6 (4.8-8.6) µg/day in NL, and 7.2 (5.2-9.8) µg/day in SE. Combining both scenarios would increase vitamin D intake to 7.9 (6.8-9.2) µg/day in UK, 8.8 (7.4-10.4) µg/day in NL, and 8.9 (6.9-11.8) µg/day in SE. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential of dietary measures to double the current vitamin D intake in adults.
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the potential of compliance with Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) and increased vitamin D fortification to meet the recommended intake level of vitamin D at 10 µg/day based on minimal exposure to sunlight. METHODS: The main dietary sources of vitamin D were derived from national dietary surveys in adults from United Kingdom (UK) (n = 911), Netherlands (NL) (n = 1,526), and Sweden (SE) (n = 974). The theoretical increase in population vitamin D intake was simulated for the following: (1) compliance with FBDG, (2) increased level of vitamin D in commonly fortified foods, and (3) combination of both. RESULTS: Median usual vitamin D intake was 2.4 (interquartile range 1.7-3.4) µg/day in UK, 3.4 (2.7-4.2) µg/day in NL, and 5.3 (3.9-7.3) µg/day in SE. The top 3 dietary sources of vitamin D were fish, fat-based spreads (margarines), and meat. Together, these delivered up to two-thirds of total vitamin D intake on average. Compliance with FBDG for fish, margarine, and meat increased vitamin D intake to 4.6 (4.1-5.1) µg/day in UK, 5.2 (4.9-5.5) µg/day in NL, and 7.7 (7.0-8.5) µg/day in SE. Doubling the vitamin D levels in margarines and milk would increase vitamin D intake to 4.9 (3.6-6.5) µg/day in UK, 6.6 (4.8-8.6) µg/day in NL, and 7.2 (5.2-9.8) µg/day in SE. Combining both scenarios would increase vitamin D intake to 7.9 (6.8-9.2) µg/day in UK, 8.8 (7.4-10.4) µg/day in NL, and 8.9 (6.9-11.8) µg/day in SE. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential of dietary measures to double the current vitamin D intake in adults.
Authors: Margaret Ashwell; Elaine M Stone; Heiko Stolte; Kevin D Cashman; Helen Macdonald; Susan Lanham-New; Sara Hiom; Ann Webb; David Fraser Journal: Br J Nutr Date: 2010-06-04 Impact factor: 3.718
Authors: Susan J Whiting; Kellie A Langlois; Hassanali Vatanparast; Linda S Greene-Finestone Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2011-05-18 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: I T Laaksi; J-P S Ruohola; T J Ylikomi; A Auvinen; R I Haataja; H K Pihlajamäki; P J Tuohimaa Journal: Eur J Clin Nutr Date: 2006-02-15 Impact factor: 4.016
Authors: A A Welch; E Lund; P Amiano; M Dorronsoro; M Brustad; M Kumle; M Rodriguez; C Lasheras; L Janzon; J Jansson; R Luben; E A Spencer; K Overvad; A Tjønneland; F Clavel-Chapelon; J Linseisen; K Klipstein-Grobusch; V Benetou; X Zavitsanos; R Tumino; R Galasso; H B Bueno-De-Mesquita; M C Ocké; U R Charrondière; N Slimani Journal: Public Health Nutr Date: 2002-12 Impact factor: 4.022
Authors: Rob M van Dam; Marieke B Snijder; Jacqueline M Dekker; Coen D A Stehouwer; Lex M Bouter; Robert J Heine; Paul Lips Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2007-03 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Isabelle Moyersoen; Brecht Devleesschauwer; Arnold Dekkers; Karin de Ridder; Jean Tafforeau; John van Camp; Herman van Oyen; Carl Lachat Journal: Nutrients Date: 2017-08-11 Impact factor: 5.717
Authors: Stefan Pilz; Winfried März; Kevin D Cashman; Mairead E Kiely; Susan J Whiting; Michael F Holick; William B Grant; Pawel Pludowski; Mickael Hiligsmann; Christian Trummer; Verena Schwetz; Elisabeth Lerchbaum; Marlene Pandis; Andreas Tomaschitz; Martin R Grübler; Martin Gaksch; Nicolas Verheyen; Bruce W Hollis; Lars Rejnmark; Spyridon N Karras; Andreas Hahn; Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari; Jörg Reichrath; Rolf Jorde; Ibrahim Elmadfa; Reinhold Vieth; Robert Scragg; Mona S Calvo; Natasja M van Schoor; Roger Bouillon; Paul Lips; Suvi T Itkonen; Adrian R Martineau; Christel Lamberg-Allardt; Armin Zittermann Journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Date: 2018-07-17 Impact factor: 5.555