Y M Zheng1, J Yang, Q H Liao. 1. Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Abstract
Objective: To estimate the direct medical cost of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in patients aged less than five years. Methods: A stratified sampling method was used to collect data on severe HFMD cases reported in the National HFMD surveillance database between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2013. The sampling was referenced with the national aetiologic distribution of Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and other Enteroviruses (OEV) for severe HFMD cases and the included cases were distributed among seven geographic regions (Northeast, North China, Northwest, Central China, Southwest, East China and South China). A nationwide telephone interview using a structured questionnaire was conducted to obtain the direct medical cost and any complications that occurred in patients during the outbreak of laboratory-confirmed HFMD. After excluding the cases who could not recall their medical expenses or complications, a total of 685 cases were included in the analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to analyze the differences among patients who reported different complications. Multiple linear regression with bootstrap analysis of 500 replicates was used to explore the factors that influenced the direct medical costs. Results: Of 685 patients analyzed, 456 (66.6%) were male and 229 (33.4%) were female. The direct medical costs P50 (P25, P75) were 14 250 (10 301, 20 600) Yuan. In total, 127 (18.5%) patients were diagnosed with severe HFMD patients with respiratory disease, 38 (5.5%) patients were diagnosed with aseptic meningitis, and 378 (55.2%) with encephalitis/brainstem encephalitis/acute flaccid paralysis. Furthermore, 53 (18.5%) patients were diagnosed with myocarditis, 39 (5.7%) with pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema and 50 (7.3%) with cardiopulmonary failure. The median (interquartile range) direct medical costs were 12 360 (7 313, 16 480) Yuan for severe HFMD patients with respiratory disease, 13 803 (9 064, 19 930) Yuan for aseptic meningitis, 14 438 (11 000, 20 015) Yuan for encephalitis/brainstem encephalitis/acute flaccid paralysis, 14 800 (8 500, 21 218) Yuan for myocarditis, 20 600 (12 500, 31 130) Yuan for pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema, and 20 043 (12 772, 28 840) Yuan for cardiopulmonary failure (H=17.70, P<0.001). The results of multiple linear regression with bootstrap analysis revealed that the direct medical cost for severe HFMD patients from Central China was 7 881 (95% CI: 3 814-11 949) Yuan higher than that of North China; severe HFMD patients diagnosed with OEV had direct medical costs of 1 987 (95%CI: 206-3 769) Yuan less those associated with EV-A71; severe HFMD patients whose duration of illness was ≥21 d had 20 480 (95% CI: 10 985- 29 974) Yuan higher direct medical costs those whose illness lasted ≤5 d; the direct medical costs for severe HFMD patients with pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema and cardiopulmonary failure were 7 874 (95%CI: 3 723-12 026) and 9 855 (95% CI: 328- 19 382) Yuan higher, respectively, than that associated with respiratory disease. Conclusion: The direct medical costs associated with severe HFMD were found to be substantial. The total cost was affected by the duration of the illness and the severity of any complications.
Objective: To estimate the direct medical cost of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in patients aged less than five years. Methods: A stratified sampling method was used to collect data on severe HFMD cases reported in the National HFMD surveillance database between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2013. The sampling was referenced with the national aetiologic distribution of Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and other Enteroviruses (OEV) for severe HFMD cases and the included cases were distributed among seven geographic regions (Northeast, North China, Northwest, Central China, Southwest, East China and South China). A nationwide telephone interview using a structured questionnaire was conducted to obtain the direct medical cost and any complications that occurred in patients during the outbreak of laboratory-confirmed HFMD. After excluding the cases who could not recall their medical expenses or complications, a total of 685 cases were included in the analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to analyze the differences among patients who reported different complications. Multiple linear regression with bootstrap analysis of 500 replicates was used to explore the factors that influenced the direct medical costs. Results: Of 685 patients analyzed, 456 (66.6%) were male and 229 (33.4%) were female. The direct medical costs P50 (P25, P75) were 14 250 (10 301, 20 600) Yuan. In total, 127 (18.5%) patients were diagnosed with severe HFMD patients with respiratory disease, 38 (5.5%) patients were diagnosed with aseptic meningitis, and 378 (55.2%) with encephalitis/brainstem encephalitis/acute flaccid paralysis. Furthermore, 53 (18.5%) patients were diagnosed with myocarditis, 39 (5.7%) with pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema and 50 (7.3%) with cardiopulmonary failure. The median (interquartile range) direct medical costs were 12 360 (7 313, 16 480) Yuan for severe HFMD patients with respiratory disease, 13 803 (9 064, 19 930) Yuan for aseptic meningitis, 14 438 (11 000, 20 015) Yuan for encephalitis/brainstem encephalitis/acute flaccid paralysis, 14 800 (8 500, 21 218) Yuan for myocarditis, 20 600 (12 500, 31 130) Yuan for pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema, and 20 043 (12 772, 28 840) Yuan for cardiopulmonary failure (H=17.70, P<0.001). The results of multiple linear regression with bootstrap analysis revealed that the direct medical cost for severe HFMD patients from Central China was 7 881 (95% CI: 3 814-11 949) Yuan higher than that of North China; severe HFMD patients diagnosed with OEV had direct medical costs of 1 987 (95%CI: 206-3 769) Yuan less those associated with EV-A71; severe HFMD patients whose duration of illness was ≥21 d had 20 480 (95% CI: 10 985- 29 974) Yuan higher direct medical costs those whose illness lasted ≤5 d; the direct medical costs for severe HFMD patients with pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema and cardiopulmonary failure were 7 874 (95%CI: 3 723-12 026) and 9 855 (95% CI: 328- 19 382) Yuan higher, respectively, than that associated with respiratory disease. Conclusion: The direct medical costs associated with severe HFMD were found to be substantial. The total cost was affected by the duration of the illness and the severity of any complications.