Comparison of Two Inexpensive Rapid Prototyping Methods for Manufacturing Filament Target Ultrasound Phantoms.

Current use of 3-D printers to manufacture ultrasound phantoms is limited to relatively expensive photopolymer jetting printers. The present work investigates the feasibility of using two common and inexpensive 3-D printer technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and digital light processing (DLP), to print custom filament target phantoms. Acoustic characteristics obtained from printed solid blocks indicated that the printing materials-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid for FDM and a photopolymer for DLP printing-were appropriate for use as scatterers. A regular grid of filaments was printed to study printing accuracy. As a proof of concept of the phantom manufacturing process, a complex pattern of filament targets was placed in de-ionized water to create a phantom, which was then imaged using an ultrasound imager. The pattern was clearly identifiable, although multiple reflections were observed, which underscores the importance of future work to enhance printing resolution. This goal is deemed possible using improvement of the DLP printing setup.