David W Evans1, Mirko Uljarević2, Laina G Lusk3, Eva Loth4, Thomas Frazier5. 1. Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA. Electronic address: dwevans@bucknell.edu. 2. Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. 3. Geisinger-Bucknell Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA. 4. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. 5. Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital Center for Pediatric Behavioral Health, Cleveland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a heterogeneous set of behaviors common across a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) that extend well into the general population. This study introduces 2 dimensional measurements of RRBs for use in typical and clinical populations from infancy to adulthood. METHOD: The Childhood Routines Inventory-Revised (CRI-R) and the Adult Routines Inventory (ARI) were created and administered online to a nationally representative cohort of 3,108 parents with 3,032 children (range 12 months to 17 years 11 months). Twenty-six percent of children and 36% of adults had at least 1 NDD or NPD. RESULTS: Principal axis factoring exploratory analysis showed a 2-factor structure for the 2 instruments (motor behaviors/compulsions and rigidity/insistence on sameness). Analyses for convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency (Cronbach α ≥ 0.94), and test-retest reliability (r ≥ 0.87) indicated strong psychometric properties. Item response theory analyses indicated strong reliability across the score range for the 2 instruments. RRB rates varied across development, peaking between the preschool and school years. Children with NDDs or NPDs (particularly those with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia/bipolar disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder/tic disorders) had increased RRBs compared with those with no diagnosis. Parent-child (0.69-0.84) and sibling-sibling (0.76-0.87) intraclass correlations indicated high heritability. Children of parents with an NDD or an NPD exhibited more RRBs compared with children of parents without NDDs or NPDs. CONCLUSION: The CRI-R and ARI are open-source instruments with excellent psychometric properties and will be useful for developmental, clinical, and family genetic studies and for the identification of prodromal conditions involving RRBs.
OBJECTIVE: Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a heterogeneous set of behaviors common across a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) that extend well into the general population. This study introduces 2 dimensional measurements of RRBs for use in typical and clinical populations from infancy to adulthood. METHOD: The Childhood Routines Inventory-Revised (CRI-R) and the Adult Routines Inventory (ARI) were created and administered online to a nationally representative cohort of 3,108 parents with 3,032 children (range 12 months to 17 years 11 months). Twenty-six percent of children and 36% of adults had at least 1 NDD or NPD. RESULTS: Principal axis factoring exploratory analysis showed a 2-factor structure for the 2 instruments (motor behaviors/compulsions and rigidity/insistence on sameness). Analyses for convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency (Cronbach α ≥ 0.94), and test-retest reliability (r ≥ 0.87) indicated strong psychometric properties. Item response theory analyses indicated strong reliability across the score range for the 2 instruments. RRB rates varied across development, peaking between the preschool and school years. Children with NDDs or NPDs (particularly those with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia/bipolar disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder/tic disorders) had increased RRBs compared with those with no diagnosis. Parent-child (0.69-0.84) and sibling-sibling (0.76-0.87) intraclass correlations indicated high heritability. Children of parents with an NDD or an NPD exhibited more RRBs compared with children of parents without NDDs or NPDs. CONCLUSION: The CRI-R and ARI are open-source instruments with excellent psychometric properties and will be useful for developmental, clinical, and family genetic studies and for the identification of prodromal conditions involving RRBs.
Authors: Opal Ousley; A Nichole Evans; Samuel Fernandez-Carriba; Erica L Smearman; Kimberly Rockers; Michael J Morrier; David W Evans; Karlene Coleman; Joseph Cubells Journal: Int J Mol Sci Date: 2017-05-18 Impact factor: 5.923
Authors: Eva Loth; Tony Charman; Luke Mason; Julian Tillmann; Emily J H Jones; Caroline Wooldridge; Jumana Ahmad; Bonnie Auyeung; Claudia Brogna; Sara Ambrosino; Tobias Banaschewski; Simon Baron-Cohen; Sarah Baumeister; Christian Beckmann; Michael Brammer; Daniel Brandeis; Sven Bölte; Thomas Bourgeron; Carsten Bours; Yvette de Bruijn; Bhismadev Chakrabarti; Daisy Crawley; Ineke Cornelissen; Flavio Dell' Acqua; Guillaume Dumas; Sarah Durston; Christine Ecker; Jessica Faulkner; Vincent Frouin; Pilar Garces; David Goyard; Hannah Hayward; Lindsay M Ham; Joerg Hipp; Rosemary J Holt; Mark H Johnson; Johan Isaksson; Prantik Kundu; Meng-Chuan Lai; Xavier Liogier D'ardhuy; Michael V Lombardo; David J Lythgoe; René Mandl; Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg; Carolin Moessnang; Nico Mueller; Laurence O'Dwyer; Marianne Oldehinkel; Bob Oranje; Gahan Pandina; Antonio M Persico; Amber N V Ruigrok; Barbara Ruggeri; Jessica Sabet; Roberto Sacco; Antonia San José Cáceres; Emily Simonoff; Roberto Toro; Heike Tost; Jack Waldman; Steve C R Williams; Marcel P Zwiers; Will Spooren; Declan G M Murphy; Jan K Buitelaar Journal: Mol Autism Date: 2017-06-23 Impact factor: 7.509
Authors: Muideen O Bakare; Thomas W Frazier; Arun Karpur; Amina Abubakar; Moses Kachama Nyongesa; Paul Murimu Mwangi; Pamela Dixon; Izma Khaliq; Natalie K Gase; Jonathan Sandstrom; Nwanze Okidegbe; Michael Rosanoff; Kerim M Munir; Andy Shih Journal: Autism Date: 2022-03-09
Authors: Mirko Uljarević; Booil Jo; Thomas W Frazier; Lawrence Scahill; Eric A Youngstrom; Antonio Y Hardan Journal: Mol Autism Date: 2021-05-27 Impact factor: 7.509