PNIPAM grafted surfaces through ATRP and RAFT polymerization: Chemistry and bioadhesion.

Biomaterials surface design is critical for the control of materials and biological system interactions. Being regulated by a layer of molecular dimensions, bioadhesion could be effectively tailored by polymer surface grafting. Basically, this surface modification can be controlled by radical polymerization, which is a useful tool for this purpose. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of surface characteristics on bioadhesion properties. We place a particular focus on biomaterials functionalized with a brush surface, on presentation of grafting techniques for "grafting to" and "grafting from" strategies and on brush characterization methods. Since atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization are the most frequently used grafting techniques, their main characteristics will be explained. Through the example of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) which is a widely used polymer allowing tuneable cell adhesion, smart surfaces involving PNIPAM will be presented with their main modern applications.