BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the highest morbidity and mortality among malignant tumors worldwide. The overall effective rate of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) is 30% to 40%, and PFS (progression-free sruvival) is 12 months. However, EGFR-TKI resistance is typical in clinical observations, and this phenomenon significantly affects tumor suppression. To overcome this resistance, a new prognostic factor associated with lung cancer drug resistance should be discovered. This study investigated the relationship between the inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) and non-small cell lung cancer EGFR-TKI resistance in vivo and in vitro to determine any statistical significance and discuss the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to quantify the expression of ID1 in lung cancer. IHC was used to detect the expression of ID1 in pathological tissues (lung cancer tissues and adjacent tissues). MTT was used to detect cell proliferation, in which the cells were treated with gefitinib after being transfected by ID1 slow virus vector. Lung cancer cells were inoculated in nude mice until the tumor diameter grew to certain measurement. Gefitinib treatment was started, and the tumor volume was estimated. RESULTS: ID1 was highly expressed in NSCLC (P<0.05). Both ID1 expression and drug resistance of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC were positively correlated (P<0.05). The treatment group with gefitinib showed obviously less expression than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: ID1 is highly expressed in NSCLC. ID1 expression was positively related to drug resistance of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC. Gefitinib can be used to effectively treat NSCLC, and the mechanism may be associated with an increased level of STAT3 phosphorylation.
BACKGROUND:Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the highest morbidity and mortality among malignant tumors worldwide. The overall effective rate of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) is 30% to 40%, and PFS (progression-free sruvival) is 12 months. However, EGFR-TKI resistance is typical in clinical observations, and this phenomenon significantly affects tumor suppression. To overcome this resistance, a new prognostic factor associated with lung cancer drug resistance should be discovered. This study investigated the relationship between the inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1) and non-small cell lung cancerEGFR-TKI resistance in vivo and in vitro to determine any statistical significance and discuss the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to quantify the expression of ID1 in lung cancer. IHC was used to detect the expression of ID1 in pathological tissues (lung cancer tissues and adjacent tissues). MTT was used to detect cell proliferation, in which the cells were treated with gefitinib after being transfected by ID1 slow virus vector. Lung cancer cells were inoculated in nude mice until the tumor diameter grew to certain measurement. Gefitinib treatment was started, and the tumor volume was estimated. RESULTS:ID1 was highly expressed in NSCLC (P<0.05). Both ID1 expression and drug resistance of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC were positively correlated (P<0.05). The treatment group with gefitinib showed obviously less expression than the control group. CONCLUSIONS:ID1 is highly expressed in NSCLC. ID1 expression was positively related to drug resistance of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC. Gefitinib can be used to effectively treat NSCLC, and the mechanism may be associated with an increased level of STAT3 phosphorylation.
肺腺癌细胞株H522、H1975、A549、PC-9、PC-9R由上海市肺科医院中心试验室提供。其中PC-9为EGFR-TKI敏感株,PC-9R为EGFR-TKI获得性耐药株,H1975为T790M突变EGFR-TKI耐药株,A549、H522为EGFR-TKI原发耐药株,获取我院肺癌手术患者癌组织及癌旁组织。青霉素、链霉素购自上海先锋药业公司;Trizol试剂购自Invitrogen公司;SYBR Green PCR试剂盒购自TAKARA公司;RNaseI购自Fermentas公司;兔抗人单克隆抗体购自Abcam公司;BSA购自北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;吉非替尼购自大连美仑;Real-time检测仪购自ABI公司;流式细胞仪购自Backman Coulter公司。
Relative expression of ID1 in lung cancer tissues and adjacent tissues. A: The expression of ID1 mRNA in lung cancer tissues is relatively higher than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05); B, C: The expression of ID1 protein in lung cancer tissues is higher than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). iOD: integral optical density.
肺癌细胞株H522、H1975、A549、PC-9、PC-9R中的ID1 mRNA相对表达量(P < 0.05)Relative expression of ID1 mRNA in H522, H1975, A549, PC-9 and PC-9R lung cancer cell lines (P < 0.05)ID1在肺癌组织与癌旁组织的相对表达量(P < 0.05)。A:肺癌组织ID1 mRNA的表达量比癌旁组织中ID1 mRNA的表达量高(P < 0.05);B:肺癌组织ID1蛋白的表达比癌旁组织中ID1蛋白的表达高(P < 0.05)。Relative expression of ID1 in lung cancer tissues and adjacent tissues. A: The expression of ID1 mRNA in lung cancer tissues is relatively higher than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05); B, C: The expression of ID1 protein in lung cancer tissues is higher than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). iOD: integral optical density.
PC-9R细胞中ID1 mRNA表达量高于PC-9细胞(P < 0.05)。The expression of ID1 mRNA in PC-9/R cell lines is higher than that in PC-9 cell lines (P < 0.05).组肿瘤细胞IC50值和吉非替尼处理后凋亡率IC50 value in groups of tumor cells and apoptosis rate after treatment with gefitinib
After slow viral infection, groups of cells expressed the ID1 enzyme in different signaling pathways of PC-9R. A: After infection of ID1-siRNA; ID1 expression decreases in H522, H1975, PC-9R, and A549 while increasing in PC-9; B: After infection of ID1-siRNA in PC-9R, p-ERK, p-AKT, p-STAT3 and p-EGFR decreased, whereas ERK, AKT, STAT3 and EGFR showed no change. Following gefitinib treatment, the extent of phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and EGFR in ID1-siRNA is lower than that in the control group. After infection of ID1-OE in PC-9, the extent of phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and EGFR showed no change. After gefitinib treatment, the extent of phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 in PC-9-ID1-OE is higher than that in the control group.
Animal experiment. A: Experimental result of PC-9/R (ID1-OE) (Above scale, first line: control group stripping tumor, second line: lavage group stripping tumor); B: Experimental result of PC-9/R (ID1-siRNA) (Above scale, first line: control group stripping tumor, second line: when the tumor disappears, the lavage group is zero). Notably, with silence of the ID1 gene, tumor growth is very slow in PC-9R (ID1 siRNA), which grew only 0.9 times after 28 days.
慢病毒感染后,各组细胞ID1的表达情况以及PC-9R中不同信号通路的酶表达情况。A:慢病毒感染后,H522、H1975、PC-9R、A549细胞中ID1表达下降,PC-9细胞中ID1表达上升;B:ID1-siRNA慢病毒感染PC-9R后,p-ERK、p-AKT、p-STAT3、p-EGFR有不同程度下降,ERK、AKT、STAT3、EGFR无明显改变;吉非替尼处理后,ID1-siRNA组ERK、AKT、EGFR磷酸化程度较对照组明显降低。ID1-OE慢病毒感染PC-9后,磷酸及非磷酸ERK、AKT、STAT3、EGFR均无明显改变;吉非替尼处理后,PC-9-ID1-OE组AKT、STAT3磷酸化程度较对照组有一定程度升高。After slow viral infection, groups of cells expressed the ID1 enzyme in different signaling pathways of PC-9R. A: After infection of ID1-siRNA; ID1 expression decreases in H522, H1975, PC-9R, and A549 while increasing in PC-9; B: After infection of ID1-siRNA in PC-9R, p-ERK, p-AKT, p-STAT3 and p-EGFR decreased, whereas ERK, AKT, STAT3 and EGFR showed no change. Following gefitinib treatment, the extent of phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and EGFR in ID1-siRNA is lower than that in the control group. After infection of ID1-OE in PC-9, the extent of phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation of ERK, AKT and EGFR showed no change. After gefitinib treatment, the extent of phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 in PC-9-ID1-OE is higher than that in the control group.动物实验结果。A:PC-9/R(ID1-OE)实验结果(标尺上方,第一行:对照组剥离肿瘤;第二行:灌胃组剥离肿瘤);B:PC-9R(ID1-siRNA)实验结果(标尺上方,第一行:对照组剥离肿瘤,第二行:灌胃组因肿瘤消失,故空行),值得注意的是,ID1基因沉默后,PC-9R(ID1 siRNA)肿瘤生长极为缓慢,28天仅增长0.9倍。Animal experiment. A: Experimental result of PC-9/R (ID1-OE) (Above scale, first line: control group stripping tumor, second line: lavage group stripping tumor); B: Experimental result of PC-9/R (ID1-siRNA) (Above scale, first line: control group stripping tumor, second line: when the tumor disappears, the lavage group is zero). Notably, with silence of the ID1 gene, tumor growth is very slow in PC-9R (ID1 siRNA), which grew only 0.9 times after 28 days.
Authors: Liliana Soroceanu; Ryuichi Murase; Chandani Limbad; Eric Singer; Juanita Allison; Isabel Adrados; Rumi Kawamura; Arash Pakdel; Yayoi Fukuyo; Daniel Nguyen; Sabeena Khan; Robert Arauz; Garret L Yount; Dan H Moore; Pierre-Yves Desprez; Sean D McAllister Journal: Cancer Res Date: 2012-12-13 Impact factor: 12.701