Developmental pathways in lung regeneration.

The key processes of lung development have been elucidated in the past several decades, helping to identify and characterize the resident progenitor cells that ultimately generate the mature organ. The adult lung is a complex organ consisting in scores of different cell lineages that are remarkably quiescent in the absence of injury. Despite low cellular turnover, the lung can respond quickly and dramatically to acute damage, with spatially restricted stem and progenitor cells re-entering the cell cycle and differentiating to promote repair. The findings from lung developmental biology are now being used to examine the mechanisms that underlie lung regeneration. The use of in vitro models such as pluripotent stem cells and new methods of gene editing have provided models for understanding lung disease and exploring the mechanisms of lung regeneration and have raised the prospect of correcting lung dysfunction. We outline the way that basic studies into lung developmental biology are now being applied to lung regeneration, opening up new avenues of research that may ultimately be harnessed for treatments of lung disease.