Treatment of older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The treatment of older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an unmet medical need. With increasing age, ALL patients have a significantly lower clinical remission rate, higher early mortality, higher relapse rate, and poorer survival compared with younger patients. This is only partly explained by a higher incidence of poor prognostic factors in the older age group. Most importantly, intensive chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation (SCT) is less well tolerated in older patients. Some progress has been made with delivering age-adapted, moderately intensive chemotherapy protocols for Ph/BCR-ABL-negative ALL and combinations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with chemotherapy in Ph/BCR-ABL-positive ALL. For the future, optimizing supportive care, introducing targeted therapies, novel immunotherapies, moderately intensified consolidation strategies, and reduced intensity SCT are promising approaches. Prospective clinical trials for older patients are urgently needed to test these approaches.