Surgical treatment of early-stage ovarian cancer.

The treatment of early-stage (stages I-IIA) ovarian carcinoma is predominantly surgical, and the surgical staging is the most relevant step in the treatment of this disease. The significance of surgical staging is twofold. First, proper staging distinguishes between 'real' early-stage ovarian carcinoma and 'perhaps' early-stage disease. The latter carries an appreciable likelihood of unappreciated residual disease in 16-42% of cases. Second, there is solid proof that proper surgical staging is an independent prognostic factor for improved disease-free and overall survival in early-stage ovarian carcinoma. In this chapter, the relevance of various staging steps is discussed and surgical guidelines are given. The indication for adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery is closely related to the adequacy of surgical staging. Adjuvant chemotherapy only works in patients in whom surgical staging was inadequate and who, thus, remain with a certain risk of unnoticed residual intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal tumour spread. Moreover, there is no indication that adjuvant chemotherapy is of any value after an adequate, comprehensive staging procedure. Controversies and misunderstandings on this important issue are discussed.