Meredith M Howley1, Marilyn L Browne1,2, Alissa R Van Zutphen1,2, Sandra D Richardson1, Sarah J Blossom3, Cheryl S Broussard4, Suzan L Carmichael5, Charlotte M Druschel1,2. 1. Congenital Malformations Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York. 2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York. 3. Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas. 4. Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 5. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between maternal autoimmune disease or its treatment and the risk of birth defects. We examined these associations using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multi-site, population-based, case-control study. METHODS: Analyses included 25,116 case and 9897 unaffected control infants with estimated delivery dates between 1997 and 2009. Information on autoimmune disease, medication use, and other pregnancy exposures was collected by means of telephone interview. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for birth defects with five or more exposed cases; crude ORs and exact 95% CIs were estimated for birth defects with three to four exposed cases. RESULTS: Autoimmune disease was reported by 373 mothers (279 case and 94 control mothers). The majority of birth defects evaluated were not associated with autoimmune disease; however, a statistically significant association between maternal autoimmune disease and encephalocele was observed (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.95-11.04). Eighty-two mothers with autoimmune disease used an immune modifying/suppressing medication during pregnancy; this was associated with encephalocele (OR, 7.26; 95% CI, 1.37-24.61) and atrial septal defects (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.16-7.80). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest maternal autoimmune disease and treatment are not associated with the majority of birth defects, but may be associated with some defects, particularly encephalocele. Given the low prevalence of individual autoimmune diseases and the rare use of specific medications, we were unable to examine associations of specific autoimmune diseases and medications with birth defects. Other studies are needed to confirm these findings. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:950-962, 2016.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between maternal autoimmune disease or its treatment and the risk of birth defects. We examined these associations using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multi-site, population-based, case-control study. METHODS: Analyses included 25,116 case and 9897 unaffected control infants with estimated delivery dates between 1997 and 2009. Information on autoimmune disease, medication use, and other pregnancy exposures was collected by means of telephone interview. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for birth defects with five or more exposed cases; crude ORs and exact 95% CIs were estimated for birth defects with three to four exposed cases. RESULTS:Autoimmune disease was reported by 373 mothers (279 case and 94 control mothers). The majority of birth defects evaluated were not associated with autoimmune disease; however, a statistically significant association between maternal autoimmune disease and encephalocele was observed (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.95-11.04). Eighty-two mothers with autoimmune disease used an immune modifying/suppressing medication during pregnancy; this was associated with encephalocele (OR, 7.26; 95% CI, 1.37-24.61) and atrial septal defects (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.16-7.80). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest maternal autoimmune disease and treatment are not associated with the majority of birth defects, but may be associated with some defects, particularly encephalocele. Given the low prevalence of individual autoimmune diseases and the rare use of specific medications, we were unable to examine associations of specific autoimmune diseases and medications with birth defects. Other studies are needed to confirm these findings. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:950-962, 2016.
Authors: Lorenzo D Botto; Angela E Lin; Tiffany Riehle-Colarusso; Sadia Malik; Adolfo Correa Journal: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol Date: 2007-10
Authors: Adolfo Correa; Suzanne M Gilboa; Lilah M Besser; Lorenzo D Botto; Cynthia A Moore; Charlotte A Hobbs; Mario A Cleves; Tiffany J Riehle-Colarusso; D Kim Waller; E Albert Reece Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 2008-07-31 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Meredith M Howley; Martha M Werler; Sarah C Fisher; Alissa R Van Zutphen; Suzan L Carmichael; Cheryl S Broussard; Dominique Heinke; Elizabeth C Ailes; Shannon M Pruitt; Jennita Reefhuis; Allen A Mitchell; Marilyn L Browne Journal: Birth Defects Res Date: 2021-07-23 Impact factor: 2.661