Shoot density of Miscanthus sinensis populations in different habitats and their maintenance mechanisms in relation to shoot growth.

How perennial grass populations are maintained in different climates is poorly understood at the level of individual shoots (ramets). During the years 1982-1987 and 1991-1993, measurements of shoot dynamics and growth in populations of a clonal grass, Miscanthus sinensis, were made at two sites in Japan that differed by approximately 5 °C in mean temperature. While annual shoot births were very stable during the period 1982-1987 at both sites, the number of flowering shoots fluctuated cyclically every year. The clonal propagation of shoots was size-independent, whereas the reproduction (flowering) of shoots was size-dependent and negatively affected their own offspring size. Shoot size negatively affected the overwintering of shoots. In the warm climate with a long growing period (9 months), both early-emerging shoots and the subsequent high order tillering shoots developed in large numbers. In the cool climate with a short growing period (6 months), more than half of the annual births occurred in August and September. Nevertheless, average longevity and wintering competency of shoots were not greatly different between the two populations. In response to a warmer climate, tillerings started earlier. This appeared to increase the total number of new shoots that would die within the year; nevertheless, the shoot densities remained much higher because a longer growing season would increase the number of high order tillerings. There was thus a trade-off between the annual survival ratio of new shoots and the number of annual shoot births.