Cantharidin induces G2/M arrest and triggers apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of cantharidin on cell cycle distribution, the induction of apoptosis, and Notch1 and Jagged1 expression in ACHN and Caki‑1 renal cancer cells. Cell viability assay, flow cytometry, cell cycle and western blot analyses were performed for ACHN and Caki‑1 cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of Notch1 and Jagged1 in RCC tissues The results demonstrated that treatment with cantharidin exerted a dose‑ and time‑dependent effect on cell viability, apoptosis induction and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Exposure of ACHN and Caki‑1 cells to 20 µM cantharidin reduced cell viability to 26 and 32% respectively, after 48 h. In addition, treatment with cantharidin enhanced the number of ACHN and Caki‑1 cells in G2/M phase to 54.62 and 51.88% respectively, as compared with 17.16 and 16.53% in the control groups. In the ACHN and Caki‑1 cells, treatment with cantharidin induced a marked increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells after 48 h. Furthermore, cantharidin enhanced the percentage ACHN and Caki‑1 apoptotic cells to 57.23 and 62.34% respectively, as compared with 2.27 and 3.06% in the control groups. Detection of Notch1 and Jagged1 expression demonstrated that levels were significantly increased in carcinoma tissues. Conversely, cantharidin exhibited an inhibitory effect on Notch1 and Jagged1 expression after 48 h. Therefore, treatment with cantharidin may exert a promising effect on the inhibition of renal cancer, and may be of therapeutic importance for the treatment of renal cancer.