Induction of growth-related metabolism in human vascular smooth muscle cells by low density lipoprotein.

Human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC) rendered quiescent by maintenance under serum-free culture conditions for 48 h exhibited several metabolic responses, normally associated with proliferation, following exposure to low density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL induced a time- and dose- (half-maximally effective concentration, ED50 25.0 +/- 8 nM) dependent activation of S6 kinase which could be negated following pretreatment of hVSMC with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 48 h. In myo-[3H]inositol-prelabeled hVSMC, LDL caused a rapid (maximum within 1 min) decrease in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (35% p less than 0.001) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (20%, p less than 0.01) with a return to prestimulated levels within 5-10 min. LDL induced a concomitant increase in [3H]inositol phosphates for which the order of generation was inositol-tris greater than -bis greater than -mono phosphate and which reached threshold levels of significance (p less than 0.05) above control values within 1, 2, and 10 min, respectively. The effect of LDL on hVSMC phosphoinositide metabolism was dose-dependent (half-maximally effective concentration, ED50 32.1 +/- 5.0 nM). This concentration, like that for S6 kinase, approximates with the KD (5-21 nM) for high affinity binding of 125I-LDL to specific receptors (1.5 x 10(4) sites/cell) on hVSMC. LDL induced a rapid but transient translocation of protein kinase C from the cytosol to membranes as assessed using both immunoblotting and [3H] 4-beta-phorbol-12-13-dibutyrate-binding procedures. Exposure of quiescent hVSMC to LDL elevated intracellular pH (delta pH 0.30 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.001). Such alkalinization was prevented in the presence of Na+/K+ exchange inhibitors such as amiloride, dimethylamiloride, and ethylisopropylamiloride. In an investigation of the nuclear action of LDL, a time-dependent induction of both c-myc and c-fos was observed. Such LDL-induced expression of these nuclear proto-onco-genes was not detectable in protein kinase C down-regulated hVSMC. Nevertheless, in spite of the cascade of "growth-promotional" responses elicited by LDL in quiescent hVSMC, this lipoprotein alone (under serum-free conditions) was neither mitogenic in nuclear labeling experiments, nor could it support growth of hVSMC in culture. We demonstrate that LDL might function in a complementary/synergistic fashion with other weakly mitogenic (to VSMC) growth factors and suggest that activation of protein kinase C (vis à vis intrinsic tyrosine kinase characteristic of other growth factor receptors) may be crucial to the signal transduction pathway for LDL.