Literature DB >> 27872557

Checklist for the crop weeds of Paraguay.

Juana De Egea1, Fátima Mereles1, María Del Carmen Peña-Chocarro2, Gloria Céspedes3.   

Abstract

Paraguay, a country whose economy is based mainly on agriculture and livestock for export, has experienced a major expansion in mechanized crops during the last few decades. Despite being heavily dependent on agriculture, Paraguay has very limited research on crop weeds, in spite of these having a high economic impact on production. This work aims to update and enhance the knowledgebase on the most common weeds affecting productive fields throughout the different ecoregions of Paraguay. We present here the first checklist of crop weeds for the country, which includes a total of 256 taxa (189 species, 10 subspecies, 54 varieties and 3 forms), with the most species-rich families being Poaceae and Asteraceae followed by Malvaceae, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. The list includes three new records for the country. Synonyms, distribution details within Paraguay, habit and a voucher specimen are provided for each taxon.

Keywords:  Paraguay; Weeds; agro-ecosystems; crops; new records

Year:  2016        PMID： 27872557      PMCID： PMC5109901          DOI： 10.3897/phytokeys.73.10135

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  PhytoKeys        ISSN： 1314-2003            Impact factor:   1.635


Introduction

Weeds can be defined as plants (not necessarily alien) that grow on sites where they are not wanted and which have a detectable economic and/or environmental impact (Richardson et al. 2000, Pyšek et al. 2004). They overlap partly with invasive plants, which are introduced species that cause problems, either in agriculture or in natural areas. According to Pyšek et al. (2004), there have been terminological misunderstandings in studies dealing with plant invasions, partly caused by different perceptions of plant invasions by particular biological disciplines and viewpoints. As shown by these authors, plants encroaching on habitats in which they were not present before can be assessed from the ecological point of view (and termed colonizers), from the biogeographical point of view (invaders, or alien plants in a more general sense), or from the anthropocentric point of view (termed weeds, harmful species, problem plants, noxious plants, pests, etc.). Paraguay has a total area of 406,752 km2 and is divided into two regions by the Río Paraguay: the Oriental Region and the Occidental Region. The economy is based mainly on agriculture and livestock for export; between the years 2013–2014, approximately 52,381 km2 were dedicated to temporary and permanent crops (DGEEC 2015), particularly soybean (35,000 km2), corn (8,000 km2) and wheat (5,600 km2). During the second half of the twentieth century, global soy production grew tenfold from 27 million tons to 269 million tons (WWF 2016). This increased production was the result of a major expansion in mechanized crops, including other crops that form part of this complex such as wheat, corn, sorghum, canola, among others. It is expected that production will double by 2050 (Bruinsma 2009, WWF 2014). Indeed, Paraguay plays a strong role in this soybean industry; during the 2012–2013 harvest, Paraguay ranked sixth as a global producer and fourth in exports. Itapúa and Alto Paraná have been the highest producing departments, while expansion currently occurs in the departments of San Pedro, Canindeyú and Alto Paraguay (WWF 2016). Agriculture in Paraguay is carried out on a variety of very distinct soil types in both natural regions. The soils in the Oriental Region are for the most part reddish in colour, resulting from geological events during the Precambrian era and Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (Bertoni and Gorham 1973). These soils include the leptosols and arenosols, which are generally poor in nutrients, and the loamy sand and sandy loam regosols, which are rich in nutrients and where most of the mechanized crops in the region have been carried out (González Erico 2007). In the Occidental Region, most of the soil types are brackish, with a variable content of clay, including planosols, solonetz, gleysols and regosols, where mechanized crops are carried out (Proyecto Sistema Ambiental del Chaco 1992–1997). Despite being mainly an agricultural country, Paraguay does not have much in terms of research on crop weeds, even in cases where these have a high economic impact on production. Only two sources can actually be considered as references on the subject: Lurvey (1983), the only weed guide available for the country, and the Flora del Paraguay collection (Spichiger and Bocquet 1983–1985, Spichiger 1987–1989, PageBreakSpichiger and Ramella 1990–2002, Ramella and Perret 2008–2014) that superficially covers the behavior of some species, in terms of their weediness, within the families included in the collection. Even herbarium data has proved to be of little use to determine the level of weediness of a species, due to the well-known biases in plant collection towards natural areas. Weeds have a particular set of skills for survival through mechanisms such as high competitive ability, high seed production, seed production for as long as growing conditions permit, rapid growth throughout vegetative phase to flowering, germination requirements fulfilled in many environments, adaptations for short and long dispersal and great longevity of seeds, self-compatible but not completely autogamous or apomictic, and when cross-pollinated, either pollinated by unspecialized visitors or by wind (Baker 1965, Baker 1974, Lorenzi 2000). Their development in productive areas tends to reduce the quality and quantity of the crop yield, making it difficult to harvest, and in some extreme cases even making it unviable (Guglieri-Caporal et al. 2011). According to Pott et al. (2006), success in controlling invasive plants begins with the floristic inventory of the infesting species and knowledge of the biology of those species that are predominant. Because of their numerous interactions with humans, their biology, ecology, evolution and community dynamics, weeds are an important subject of study (Kuester et al. 2014). In fact, the study of plant species considered to be weeds in agro-ecosystems is a subject of high interest in the area of invasion ecology, not only because of their natural ability to become established in natural and semi-natural environments (Figueroa et al. 2004, Pyšek et al. 2004) with the consequent great ecological harm they can cause to ecosystems, but also because of the special attributes that make these plant species more invasive (Rejmánek and Richardson 1996), and the way they respond to human disturbance (Hill et al. 2002). Other studies have also focused on revealing taxonomic patterns among natural area invaders and agricultural weeds (Daehler 1998, Kuester et al. 2014), while Conservation Agriculture builds upon weed ecology to generate integrated and sustainable weed management strategies (Bajwa 2014). Regarding the increasing importance of weed science in a country such as Paraguay, which depends heavily on agricultural production, this work aims to update and enhance the knowledgebase of the most common weeds affecting productive fields throughout the different ecoregions of the country, as well as the generation of relevant information to facilitate their identification and management.

Methods

Paraguay is a land-locked country located between 19° and 28° south latitude and 54° and 63° west longitude at the heart of the South American continent, and lies entirely within the Río de la Plata drainage system, second only in size to the Amazon basin. The country is divided into two regions by the Río Paraguay: the Oriental Region, or eastern region, also known as the Paraná region, and the Occidental Region, or western PageBreakregion, also known as the Chaco (part of the Gran Chaco Americano shared by Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay). Paraguay is divided into 17 departments, 14 of which are located to the east of the Río Paraguay (De Egea et al. 2012). While building the checklist, we included: 1) a survey of all plant species occurring in key sites, mainly in areas of mechanized soybean, sorghum, sugarcane, corn and rice, where weed management and control was being periodically implemented (Figure 1, Table 1). Each site was surveyed once, at a time when crop fields presented a high level of weed infestation and prior to any weed control activities. Sampling was carried out between 1–3 days, depending on the size of the available crop area per site, by surveying a series of random points (up to 8 per day) to collect the weeds occurring within a 50 meter radius. The data collection included the random collection of plant specimens, georeferencing of the records, the identification of specimens and the resolution of taxonomic problems. Where possible, specimens were collected in quadruplicate; the set of originals were stored in FCQ and duplicates were sent to BM, G and CTES; and 2) the systematization of data available in the literature. Three sources were considered as reference: Lurvey (1983), the Flora del Paraguay collection, and the database of The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (Heap 2016), containing a list of the more resistant weed species in the region. Online databases and herbarium resources such as TROPICOS (2016) and the Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur (Zuloaga and Belgrano 2015) were also consulted.
Figure 1.

Location of the crop weed collection sites

Table 1.

Crop weed collection sites.

Map keyDepartmentLocalityType of habitat/crop
1 Alto Paraná Colonia Yguazú, Centro de Investigación Agropecuaria del ParaguaySoybean crops
2 Alto Paraná HernandariasSoybean crops
3 Alto Paraná Minga Guazú,

Universidad Nacional del Este

(UNE) experimental plots		Soybean crops
4 Boquerón Estancia Toro MochoCattle pastures and forest edges
5 Boquerón Mariscal Estigarribia, Estancia JeroviáSoybean and sorghum crops
6 Caaguazú Juan Eulogio EstigarribiaSoybean crops
7 Central AreguáStrawberry crops
8 Central AsunciónVegetable patch/home garden
9 Central AsunciónDisturbed soils
10 Central San Lorenzo, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, experimental plotPotato, tomato and cabbage crops
11 Guairá VillarricaDisturbed soils
12 Itapúa Capitán MirandaSoybean crops
13 Itapúa Nueva Alborada DistrictSoybean crops
14 Itapúa PirapóSoybean crops
15 Misiones San Miguel, Establecimiento La GracielaRice crops
16 Misiones Villa FloridaDisturbed soils
17 Paraguarí Villarrica – Paraguarí roadSugarcane crops
18 San Pedro Barrio San Pedro, Dekalpar cropsCorn crops
19 San Pedro Cruce LiberaciónDisturbed soils
20 San Pedro

Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agrícola

(IPTA) experimental plots		Fruit crops
Location of the crop weed collection sites Crop weed collection sites. Universidad Nacional del Este Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agrícola Data was compiled in a MS Access database. Flowering plant family circumscription follows APG III (Stevens 2001 onwards) and pteridophyte classification follows Smith et al. (2006). In the checklist, families are sorted alphabetically and genera are sorted alphabetically within families. For each taxon we present the accepted name, place and date of publication, synonyms, habit, general distribution in Paraguay, residence status (all species are native except where indicated), and one voucher specimen. Relevant bibliographic citacions are included for taxa recorded in literature, but not found during field surveys nor in the consulted herbaria (BM, CTES, FCQ, and PY). Synonymy follows Zuloaga and Belgrano (2015), except for those taxa covered in more recent literature. Herbarium acronyms used in the text follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers, continuously updated). New reports of taxa for Paraguay are marked with an arrowhead (►) and those taxa not cited in Zuloaga and Belgrano (2015) for Paraguay but recorded in other publications or databases are marked with an asterisk (*).

Data resources

All occurrence data underpinning the checklist have been uploaded to the Natural History Museum Data Portal (https://doi.org/10.5519/0060042) and are provided as a data supplement to this paper.

Results and discussion

The list includes a total of 256 taxa (189 species, 10 subspecies, 54 varieties and 3 formas), making up 38 families and 141 genera, of which all except one are angiosperms. There is only one pteridophyte listed, (Kaulf.) Maxon, a very close relative of (L.) Kuhn, a cosmopolitan species with a vigorous vegetative reproductive system (Baker 1974), which is a very common weed worldwide. The most species-rich families are , and , followed by , , , and (see Table 2). According to Baker (1974), , , and are the families which have a higher number of weed species in warm regions, in line with our results.
Table 2.

Number of genera and taxa in the largest families.

FamiliesGeneraTaxa
Poaceae 2250
Asteraceae 2941
Malvaceae 1120
Amaranthaceae 413
Fabaceae 912
Solanaceae 312
Polygonaceae 211
Cyperaceae 410
Euphorbiaceae 510
Other families5277
Over eighty-three percent (213) of the species in the Checklist are herbs, 14.8% (38) woody species (small trees, shrubs or subshrubs) and only 1.95% (5) are vines (Figure 2).
Figure 2.

Life forms of the taxa included. 1 herbs 2 subshrubs 3 shrubs 4 small trees 5 vines.

Life forms of the taxa included. 1 herbs 2 subshrubs 3 shrubs 4 small trees 5 vines. Number of genera and taxa in the largest families. The majority of the listed taxa are native to Paraguay (209), representing 81.64% of the total, including one endemic species ( (Urb.) Arbo), while the remaining 47 taxa are introduced. Families with the highest number of non-native species are with 16 taxa followed by with 4 taxa. Most introduced species remain within the status of established plants, except for some species which also show invasive behaviour. Such is the case of (Aiton) W.T.Aiton, reported for the first time in Paraguay in 1994 (Mereles and Degen 1994), found PageBreakin cattle pastures in northern Paraguay, and currently quite frequent as a weed of difficult eradication within the dry Chaco. (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster and (Stapf) R.D.Webster are also two species that were introduced for grazing (Zuloaga et al. 2014), and are now found in both natural and agro-ecosystems. These three species were also identified as invasive species in Brazil (Base de dados nacional de espécies exóticas invasoras I3N Brasil 2016). The list includes three new records for the country, collected during crop surveys (, and L. It also includes another seven taxa not listed in Zuloaga and Belgrano (2015), as being present in Paraguay, but recorded in TROPICOS (2016) or in recent publications (De Egea et al. 2016): (L.) Thell., , (L.) Medik., L., , (Moldenke) Botta, L., (Schumach.) DC., and L. Eight taxa mentioned in literature, but not found during field surveys nor in the consulted herbaria, were also included in the checklist: (L.) Medik., L., L. (Lurvey 1983), , (Ard.) Fritsch (Zuloaga et al. 1994), Steud., Schrad. (Zuloaga et al. 2014), and L. (Cialdella and Brandbyge 2001). Nine species were found to be the most frequent and abundant within all crops surveyed: L., L., (L.) Cronquist, L., (L.) Gaertn., L., (L.) Fedde, Gomes, and Mill. These species were found in both natural regions of Paraguay and on different soil types, showing a greater plasticity/resilience than the other species found. Overall, they PageBreakare species with high adaptability, fast growth, resistance to drought and high biomass and seed production. It is also likely that the seeds of these weed species accompany the seeds of the harvested grain crops. All these have been listed and highlighted in regional literature on weeds as being problematic species (Ferrari 2012, Guglieri-Caporal 2011, Lorenzi 2000), and with the exception of and , are considered among the weeds with greatest herbicide resistance according to The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (Heap 2016).

Checklist

FERNS

(Kaulf.) Maxon, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14: 89. 1924. Syn.: (Kaulf.) Brade, (C.Presl) C.Chr, H.Christ, nom. illeg., (Kaulf.) Lellinger, (Kaulf.) J.A.Thomson, (C.Presl) Maxon, (Kaulf.) D.C.Eaton, (C.Presl) Baker, Kaulf., G.Forst., C.Presl. Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1340 (BM, FCQ, G).

SEED PLANTS

Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 226. 1874. Syn.: (Nees) Hook.f., (Griseb.) Lindau, (Nees) Benth. & Hook.f., hom. illeg., Nees. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9978 (FCQ). Cham. & Schltdl. subsp. , Linnaea 2: 156. 1827. Syn.: Phil., Hauman, nom. inval., Larrañaga, (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 445 (BM, FCQ). (L.) P.Beauv., Fl. Oware 2: 66. 1818. Syn.: (Mart.) Hicken, Colla, (L.) Mart., L. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1230 (FCQ). A.St.-Hil. subsp. (Morong ex Morong & Britton) Pedersen, Darwiniana 14: 440. 1967. Syn.: Morong ex Morong & Britton, (Morong ex Morong & Britton) Pedersen, Uline, (Morong ex Morong & Britton) Pedersen, Chodat. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10060 (FCQ). (Mart.) Griseb. f. , Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 36. 1879. Syn.: Bunbury, (Mart.) Standl., (Mart.) Hicken, (Moq.) Hicken, Mart., Mart., D.Parodi, (Mart.) Moq., Seub., Moq. Herb aquatic. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: N. Soria 332 (FCQ). * L. subsp. (L.) Thell., Fl. Adv. Montpellier 205. 1912. Syn.: L., L., L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Guairá, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10212 (FCQ). L. subsp. , Sp. Pl. 2: 990. 1753. Syn.: Willd., (L.) Rob., (Kunth) Covas, , Kunth, Thell. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9946 (FCQ). (Moq.) Hieron., Pl. Diaph. Fl. Argent. 227. 1882. Syn.: Moq. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1243 (BM, FCQ). Parodi ex Covas, Darwiniana 5: 339. 1941. Syn.: Standl., hom. illeg., sensu Thell. non Speg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Misiones, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10174 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1405. 1763. Syn.: Desf., Jacq., (Jacq.) Moq., (L.) Moq. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10186 (FCQ). (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Ukrayins’k. Bot. Zhurn. 59(4): 382. 2002. Syn.: (L.) Spach, Spach, Phil., L., Fenzl, (Fenzl) Aellen, Aellen, Willk., (Willk.) Aellen, Fenzl, (Fenzl) Aellen, Willk., (Willk.) Aellen, Aellen, (Willd.) Asch. & Graebn., Speg., (Speg.) Aellen, Willd., Vorosh., (L.) W.A.Weber, Phil. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: R. Degen 120 (FCQ). Mart. f. (Chodat) Pedersen, Darwiniana 20: 272. 1976. Syn.: Stuchlik, Stuchlik, Stuchlik, Chodat, (Chodat) Stuchlik, Herzog. Herb. Departmental distribution: Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1316 (BM, FCQ). Mart. var. , Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 13: 301. 1826. Syn.: Chodat & Hassl., (Chodat & Hassl.) Stuchlik, Stuchlik, nom. inval., Stuchlik, (Mart.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9913 (FCQ). Mart. var. , Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2(1): 17, t. 119. 1826. Syn.: Stuchlik, nom. inval., Stuchlik, Moq., Suess., (Mart.) Kuntze, (Moq.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Canindeyú, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: E. Zardini & R. Velázquez 11556 (FCQ). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 1: 224. 1753. Syn.: Stuchlik, nom. inval., , , Mart., (L.) Kuntze, (Mart.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9940 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). (Pers.) Sprague var. , J. Bot. 61: 131. 1923. Syn.: Urb., (Kuntze) H.Wolff, Kuntze, H.Wolff, (Pers.) Kuntze, Kuntze, Chodat. (Hook. & Arn.) H.Wolff, (Pers.) F.Muell. ex Benth., auct. non Kunth, (DC.) Reiche, comb. illeg., Hook. & Arn., (Pers.) DC., DC., Pers. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1321 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 215. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10011 (BM, FCQ, G). A.St.-Hil., Pl. Rem. Bres. 227. 1824. Syn.: Decne., Kuntze, Kuntze, E.Fourn., S.Moore, Kuntze, (Kuntze) Bollwinkel, A.St.-Hil., (E.Fourn.) Bollwinkel, E.Fourn., Decne., Silveira, Vell. Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1329 (FCQ). (Aiton) W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 2 2: 78. 1811. Syn.: Aiton Shrub or small tree. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9983 (FCQ, G). Mathias & Constance, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 151. 1942. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10098 (FCQ). DC., Prodr. 5: 522. 1836. Syn.: (DC.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: A. Quarti P050 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 839. 1753. Syn.: (Lam.) DC., Poir., Lam., Cav., (L.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1276 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753. Syn.: L., (L.) Descourt., Hook. & Arn., Cabrera, hom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10090 (FCQ, G). Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 3: 851. 1826. Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles 5263 (CTES, FCQ). (Spreng.) Kuntze var. , Revis. Gen. Pl. 3[3]: 129. 1898. Syn.: (DC.) Griseb., (DC.) Griseb., (DC.) Griseb., (Griseb.) Cabrera, Griseb., DC., DC., DC., Spreng., (Spreng.) B.L.Turner Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1334 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 2(1): 372. 1873. Syn.: DC., Hook. & Arn., (Hook. & Arn.) B.L.Turner Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9953 (BM, FCQ, G). (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 425. 1807. Syn.: DC., Phil., Heering ex Reiche, DC., nom. superfl., DC., , Phil., DC., Heering, J.Rémy, Kunth, Heering ex Reiche, Kunth emend. Heering, DC., hom. illeg., DC., Kunze ex DC., DC., a (Phil.) Heering, (Phil.) Heering, (Kunze ex DC.) Heering, (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Heering, (Ruiz & Pav.) F.H.Hellwig, (DC.) Cuatrec., (Heering) Malag., comb. illeg., Kuntze, Ruiz & Pav., Ruiz & Pav., Ruiz & Pav., (DC.) F.H.Hellwig Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Itapúa, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9917 (BM, FCQ, G). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753. Syn.: DC., Kunth, Nutt., hom. illeg., Sch.Bip., (L.) Griseb., (Blume) Hassk., Phil., Hieron, Sch.Bip., (Cass.) O.E.Schulz, (Blume) Sherff, Link, Blume, Blume, Cass. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1236 (FCQ). DC. var. , Prodr. 5: 600. 1836. Syn.: DC., Manganaro Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: N. Soria 5736 (FCQ, MO). (Less.) Dematteis, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 44(1-2): 157. 2009. Syn.: (Less.) Kuntze, Sch.Bip. ex Baker, nom. nud., Less., Mart. ex DC., DC., Chodat Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: M. Dematteis et al. 3138 (CTES, FCQ). (Spreng.) H.Rob., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 101: 957. 1988. Syn.: (Spreng.) Kuntze, Spreng., (Spreng.) Less., Chodat Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1335 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). (L.) Cronquist var. (Cabrera) Cabrera, Man. Fl. Alrededores Buenos Aires 481. 1953. Syn.: DC., Cabrera Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Misiones. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10176 (FCQ). (L.) Cronquist var. , Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 632. 1943. Syn.: Kunth, Phil., L., Chodat & Hassl., (L.) V.M.Badillo Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles 6450 (FCQ). (Retz.) E.Walker var. (S.F.Blake) Pruski & G.Sancho, Novon 16(1): 98–99, f. 1. 2006. Syn.: J.Remy, (S.F.Blake) Cuatrec., Kunth & Bouché, Kunth, Cabrera, J.Remy, (Kunth) J.B.Marshall, (J.Remy) Cabrera, (Kunth) Cuatrec., Speg., S.F.Blake, (Kunth) Sch.Bip., (S.F.Blake) V.M.Badillo Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: N. Soria 2684 (FCQ, MO). (L.) L., Mant. Pl. Altera 286. 1771. Syn.: (L.) Hassk., L., nom. illeg., (Hook.) DC., Phil., L., Trew, L., Hook. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10129 (FCQ). Nicolson, Phytologia 32(1): 34. 1975. Syn.: auct. non (Burm.) C.B.Rob., auct. non (Vahl) DC. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10147 (FCQ). (Link ex Spreng.) DC. f. , Prodr. 6: 295. 1838. Syn.: (Link ex Spreng.) Less., Cabrera, (Wolf) DC., nom. inval., Ridl., Wolf ex Link, nom. nud., Desf., hom. illeg., Gardner, hom. illeg., Link ex Spreng., Meyen & Walp. ex Walp. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1237 (FCQ). Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4(15): 85 (ed. fol.). 1818. Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles 9930 (BM, FCQ, G). (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 148. 1898. Syn.: L., Molina, (L.) B.L.Rob., comb. superfl., DC., Juss. ex Sm., (Molina) J.F.Gmel., (Cav.) Pers., Juss., nom. nud., Cav., Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Concepción, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles 5667 (CTES, FCQ). Cav., Icon. 3(2): 41–42, pl. 281. 1796. Syn.: Raf., Ruiz & Pav., nom. superfl., Roth, (Cav.) Kunth Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Central, Guairá. Voucher: G. Céspedes 422 (FCQ). (Mill.) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 151. 1856. Syn.: Wedd., (Gand.) Cabrera, Mill., Gaudich., Gand., (Mill.) Klatt. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: G. Céspedes 432 (FCQ). (Fernald) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 9: 368. 1961. Syn.: Fernald Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1227 (BM, FCQ). (Willd.) Kerguélen, Lejeunia 120: 104. 1987. Syn.: Cabrera, Willd., Baker, nom. illeg., Lam., nom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1322 (FCQ). (Willd.) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 9: 375. 1961. Syn.: (Cabrera) Cabrera, Willd., Fernald, Cabrera, (Willd.) O.Bolòs & Vigo, Baker, Lam., hom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: I. Basualdo 395 (FCQ). (Rich.) H.Rob., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 103: 491. 1990. Syn.: Sch.Bip. ex Baker, Baker, Rich., (DC.) Baker, Willd. ex Less., DC. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1223 (BM, FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 988. 1753. Syn.: Cav., Phil., Rollins, Buckley, Stokes, nom. superfl., Ortega Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 142 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G, MO). (Lam.) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 3: 36. 1949. Syn.: Lam., DC., Vell., DC., (Vell.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10048 (FCQ, G). (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 194. 1970. Syn.: Veldkamp, Griseb., hom. illeg., auct. non Kunth, auct. non L., Hieron. ex Kuntze, Hieron. ex Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: W.J. Hahn 1613 (MO, PY). (Spreng.) Less var. , Linnaea 6: 249. 1831. Syn.: Spreng. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Itapúa, Misiones. Voucher: N. Soria 2513 (CTES, MO). Baker var. , Fl. Bras. 6(3): 313. 1884. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10005 (FCQ). Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 205. 1879. Syn.: Cuatrec., Cabrera Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1331 (BM, FCQ). Meyen var. , Reise Erde 1: 311. 1834. Syn.: Phil., Phil., Phil., Phil., DC., Speg., (DC.) Baker, Phil., Phil., Phil. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Cordillera. Voucher: I. Basualdo 111 (FCQ). DC., Prodr. 5: 332. 1836. Syn.: (DC.) Cabrera, DC. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: M. Ortíz 1004 (FCQ). Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 1: 215. 1798. Syn.: Spreng., (DC.) Steud., Spreng., Juss., (Spreng.) DC., DC., Nutt., Phil., Cabrera, (Juss.) Less., (DC.) Baker, Phil. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: L. Pérez 448 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753. Syn.: Phil., Phil. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1238 (BM, FCQ). Hieron. & Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 180. 1898. Syn.: Griseb. ex Kuntze, nom. nud. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Itapúa, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea & F. Mereles 1357 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 887. 1753. Syn.: Pers., Schrank, Link, Vell. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: A. Schinini 2401 (FCQ). F.H.Wigg., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 56. 1780. Syn.: L., Lam., nom. illeg., Desf., A.J.Richards, (Lam.) Schrank., nom. illeg. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Guairá. Voucher: R. Degen 982 (FCQ). * L., Sp. Pl. 2: 900. 1753. Syn.: Ortega ex Willd., nom. inval., Pers., Cass., Willd., Ortega ex Hoffmans., nom. illeg., (Pers.) DC., B.L.Rob. ex Greenm. Herb. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Concepción, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9944 (BM, FCQ, G). (Baker) H.Rob., Phytologia 73: 74. 1992. Syn.: Vell., Baker Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9907 (FCQ, G). Less., Linnaea 4: 277. 1829. Syn.: (Less.) Kuntze, Griseb. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: M. Ortíz 551 (FCQ). Morong, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 168. 1893. Syn.: Chodat, Chodat Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: A. Krapovickas & C.L. Cristóbal 44544 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753. Syn.: L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central. Voucher: M. Ortíz 283 (FCQ). * (L.) Medik., Pfl.-Gatt. 85. 1792. Syn.: L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Itapúa. Voucher: E. Lurvey 181 (Lurvey 1983). L., Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 2: 433. 1767. Syn.: (L.) Sm., Muschl., Muschl., Boelcke, Boelcke, Rojas Acosta, (L.) Pers., DC. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera. Voucher: I. Basualdo 5223 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 645. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa. Voucher: E. Lurvey 359 (Lurvey 1983). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 669. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Cordillera, Itapúa. Voucher: E. Lurvey 374 (Lurvey 1983). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 669. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Central, Cordillera, Misiones, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1268 (FCQ). Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 315. 1819. Syn.: (Kunth) Kuntze, (Graham) Kuntze, (Kunth) Kuntze, (Kunze) Kuntze, L., (Kunth) A.Gray, Graham, Kunth, Kunze, Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., (Kunth) C.Presl, (Kunth) C.Presl Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1317 (BM, FCQ). (L.) Nieuwl. subsp. (Ruiz & Pav.) Lammers, Novon 16(1): 72. 2006. Syn.: Ruiz & Pav., Torr. ex A.Gray, nom. nud., Spreng., Nutt., Nutt., (Ruiz & Pav.) Britton, (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze, (Ruiz & Pav.) Fisch. & A.Gray, (Nutt.) Vatke, (Nutt.) Vatke, (L.) A.DC., Arechav., Arechav., (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene, (Ruiz & Pav.) T.R.Bradley Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1313 (FCQ). (Lam.) A.DC., Monogr. Campan. 158. 1830. Syn.: Kunth, Molina, Lam., (Kunth) Griseb., (Kunth) A.DC., Phil. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10088 (FCQ, G). Möschl & Pedersen, Darwiniana 16(1-2): 118. 1970. Herb. Departmental distribution: Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí. Voucher: G. Céspedes 435 (FCQ). (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. (ed. 15 bis) 5: 406. 1819. Syn.: Mizush., L. Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: E. Zardini & R. Velázquez 27329 (FCQ, MO). Cambess. var. , Fl. Bras. Merid. (quarto ed.) 2(15): 186. 1829. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Cordillera, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10073 (FCQ, G). (L.) Cirillo var. Trautv., Acta Horti Petrop. 1: 33. 1881. Syn.: Raunk. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Itapúa. Voucher: E. Lurvey 205 (CTES). L. var. , Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 3: 232. 1768. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: M. Ortíz 317 (FCQ). Iltis, Brittonia 12: 284. 1960. Syn.: Griseb., nom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9941 (FCQ, G). * L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1273 (FCQ). Burm.f. var. , Fl. Indica 18, pl. 7, f. 2. 1768. Syn.: Rich., Griseb., Jacq., auct. non L. Herb. Departmental distribution: Concepción, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10149 (FCQ, G). Burm.f. var. (Small) Faden, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 213. 1993. Syn.: Small Herb. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9919 (FCQ, G). L. var. (Michx.) Fernald, Rhodora 42: 439. 1940. Syn.: Michx., (Michx.) C.B.Clarke Herb. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Cordillera. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9964 (FCQ, G). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753. Syn.: Kunth, Seub., Willd., auct. non L., C.B.Clarke Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles 9936 (BM, FCQ, G). Klotzsch, Reis. Br.-Guiana 3: 897. 1849. Syn.: (C.B.Clarke) Herter, C.B.Clarke Herb. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10127 (FCQ). Dennst. var. (O’Donell) D.F.Austin, Taxon 37(1): 185. 1988. Syn.: Elliot, nom. illeg., O’Donell, Vine. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: E. Zardini 9984 (FCQ, MO). (Dammer) O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paraense 9: 222. 1952. Syn.: auct. non L., Dammer Vine. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10140 (FCQ, G). (L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 1: 36. 1797. Syn.: L., Vell., Ruiz & Pav., Meisn., nom. illeg., Forssk., (Ruiz & Pav.) G.Don Vine. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1318 (BM, FCQ, G). (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 6: 50. 1846. Syn.: Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., Cárdenas, (Griseb.) Cogn., (Naudin) Cogn., Cogn., Cogn, (Cárdenas) C.Jeffrey, Griseb., Naudin, (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Arn., comb. illeg. Vine. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1226 (BM, FCQ). (L.) Kunth ex C.B.Clarke var. , Fl. Brit. India 6(19): 652. 1893. Syn.: (L.) Lye, (L.) A.Gray, (L.) Roem. & Schult., L., (L.) Britton Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1327 (FCQ). Endl., Cat. Horti Vindob. 1: 93. 1842. Syn.: (Lindm.) Guagl., Boeck., (Lam.) Britton, nom. illeg., (Lindm.) Barros, (C.B.Clarke) Barros, Griseb., (Vahl) Nees, nom. illeg., (Willd.) Kük., Kük., (Boeck.) Kük. ex Osten, (Lindm.) Kük., (Lindm.) Kük., PageBreak Phil., Lam., Willd., (Lam.) Urb., Lindm., Vahl, Lindm., (Kunth) Kük., C.B.Clarke Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1289 (BM, FCQ). ► Lam. var. , Tabl. Encycl. i. 196. 1791. Syn.: Jacq., Moench, Kük., Kük., Roth, Willd., Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Guairá. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9949 (FCQ, G). L. var. Boeck., Linnaea 36: 290. 1870. Syn.: (Muhl.) Palla, (Muhl.) Kük., Muhl. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Itapúa. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 325 (BM, MO). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 1: 45. 1753. Syn.: Schrad., (Boeck.) Palla, (Rottb.) Vahl, Willd. ex Link, Boeck., (Schrad.) Kük., Boeck., (Lam.) Kük., (Schrad. ex Nees) Kük., Lam., Schrad. ex Nees, Rottb., hom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10201 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 46. 1753. Syn.: (Nees) Steud., J.Presl & C.Presl, Link, G.Mey., Steud., Rich., (Nees) Kük., Barros, (Link) Kük., (Steud.) Kük., (Schrad. ex Nees) Boeck., (Vahl) Kük., Vahl, Vahl, Kunth, (Kunth) M.C.Johnst., Rudge, (Schrad. ex Nees) Griseb., (Nees) Kuntze, Vahl, Schrad. ex Nees, Nees, Schrad. ex Nees, Schrad. ex Nees, Schrad. ex Nees, (Rich.) C.B.Clarke, Nees, Desv. ex Ham., (Rich.) Urb., (L.) S.S.Hooper Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9965 (FCQ, G). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 45. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Palla Herb. Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Cordillera, Itapúa. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9920 (FCQ). Sw., Prodr. 20. 1788. Syn.: Kunth Herb. Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Misiones, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10136 (FCQ). (Kunth) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 153. 1817. Syn.: Kunth, (Roth) Svenson, (Roth) Schult., Barros, (Roth) Nees, Kunth, Roth Herb aquatic. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Céspedes & al 443 (BM, FCQ). (L.) Britton var. , Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 11: 84. 1892. Syn.: Nees, (Rudge) Nees, (L.) J.F.Macbr., Vahl, (Rudge) Kük., (Rudge) Schult., (Rottb.) Nees, Rudge, Rottb., L. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 444 (FCQ). Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 23. 1865. Syn.: Morong ex Britton, N.E.Br., (Morong ex Britton) Chodat, Chodat & Hassl., Chodat & Hassl., (Spreng.) Müll.Arg., comb. illeg., Pax & K.Hoffm., Pax & K.Hoffm., Müll.Arg., Müll.Arg., Müll.Arg., Griseb., Griseb., hom. illeg., Spreng., hom. illeg., Klotzsch ex Pax & K.Hoffm., nom. nud., Chodat & Hassl., Baill., (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles 9929 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). (Pax) I.M.Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 86. 1923. Syn.: Pax, (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax, (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax, Pax, Chodat & Hassl., Chodat & Hassl. Herb or shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10181 (FCQ). L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1275. 1759. Syn.: Sw., (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Lam. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1372 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 453. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9921 (BM, FCQ, G). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 1: 454. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Millsp., auct. non L., Chodat & Hassl. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10096 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 454. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Millsp., Rusby Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Itapúa. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9923 (FCQ, G). Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 139. 1789. Syn.: (Aiton) Small Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Guairá. Voucher: F. Mereles 10123 (FCQ). (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Prodr. 15(2.1): 50. 1862. Syn.: Klotzsch & Garcke, (Klotzsch & Garcke) Croizat, Croizat, Chodat, Pax & K.Hoffm. ex Emrich, auct. non Boiss., (Boiss.) Müll.Arg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Guairá. Voucher: F. Mereles 9938 (FCQ). Kunth var. , Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 52. 1817. Syn.: (Kunth) Small Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9986 (BM, FCQ, G). Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 287. 1898. Shrub or small tree. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles 10192 (FCQ). (Poir.) DC. var. , Prodr. 2: 322. 1825. Syn.: Rusby, Benth., Vell., Poir. Herb. Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles 1883 (FCQ). Link subsp. (Vogel) Fortunato & Wunderlin, Darwiniana 27: 550. 1986. Syn.: Benth., auct. non Link, auct. non Hook. & Arn., (Benth.) Hassl. ex Latzina, (Vogel) Hassl., Vogel, (Benth.) A.Schmitz, (Vogel) A.Schmitz Shrub or tree. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Itapúa. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9905 (FCQ, G). (Pers.) Greene var. , Pittonia 4(20): 31. 1899. Syn.: DC. ex Collad., (Raddi) Desv., (Pers.) Desv., comb. illeg., Kunth, Vell., Raddi, Larrañaga, hom. illeg., Pers., A.P.D.Jones., (DC. ex Collad.) Greene. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1337 (BM, FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 716. 1753. Syn.: Hochst. ex A.Rich., DC., S.Schauer, DC., Vell., hom. illeg., S.Schauer, Andersson, hom. illeg., Schweig. ex Schrank, Lag., hom. illeg., Chodat & Hassl., Burkart, A.Rich., Phil., Moench, Lam., Merr., DC., Sessé & Moç. Herb or shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1240 (FCQ). Hook. & Arn., Bot. Misc. 3: 195. 1832. Syn.: Vogel, (Vogel) Kuntze, (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1338 (BM, FCQ). (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 332. 1825. Syn.: (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle, hom. illeg., Mill., Sw., (Mill.) Vail, (Sw.) Kuntze. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Concepción, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles & F. González Parini 7837 (FCQ). (Kuntze) Burkart var. , Darwiniana 4: 171. 1942. Syn.: Kuntze, Bong. ex Benth. Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Itapúa, Misiones, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10132 (FCQ, G). C.P.Sm. var. , Spec. Lupinorum 206. 1940. Syn.: Vell., C.P.Sm., C.P.Sm., C.P.Sm., (Vell.) Hassl., Benth., Hassl., nom. inval., Benth., nom. superfl., C.P.Sm., C.P.Sm., C.P.Sm. Herb. Departmental distribution: Itapúa, Ñeembucú, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1283 (FCQ). (Britton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 364. 1982. Syn.: Rusby, Herzog, Britton, Hassl., Kuntze Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Concepción, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9958 (BM, FCQ, G). (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 252. 1982. Syn.: Collad., L., Collad., Raf., Roxb., nom. nud., Raf., nom. illeg., Raf., (L.) Britton & Rose, Roxb. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1312 (FCQ). (L.) Link., Handbuch 2: 140. 1831. Syn.: Walter, Raf., L., Pers., nom. illeg., Collad., Schrank, L., Collad., L., Lam., hom. illeg., DC., (L.) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, (L.) Roxb., comb. superfl. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1262 (FCQ). Burkart var. , Darwiniana 14: 182. 1966. Vine. Departmental distribution: Central, Misiones, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: G. Céspedes 439 (FCQ). Benth., Labiat. Gen. Sp. 103. 1833. Syn.: Morong, Briq., nom. inval., Briq., auct. non G.Mey., Briq. ex Micheli, Briq. ex Micheli, (Morong) Briq., (Benth.) Kuntze, (Briq. ex Micheli) Briq. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: R. Degen 1434 (FCQ). (L.) R.Br., Hortus Kew. (2nd ed.) 3: 409. 1811. Syn.: Phlomis nepetaefolia L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: E. Zardini 8223 (FCQ, MO). ► L., Sp. Pl. 2: 584. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Guairá. Voucher: R. Degen et al. 3811 (FCQ). Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2(9): 366, t. 57, f. 1. 1778. Syn.: auct. non L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí. Voucher: R. Degen 1516 (FCQ). Pers., Syn. Pl. 2(1): 136. 1806. Syn.: Willd. ex Benth., Larrañaga, Willd. ex Benth., Kunth, Briq. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea 1299 (BM, FCQ). (Jacq.) J.F.Macbr., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 124. 1930. Syn.: Cham. & Schltdl., Jacq. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: N. Soria 3111a (FCQ). (L.f.) Spreng. subsp. , Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 2: 455. 1825. Syn.: Koehne ex Bacig., Cham. & Schltdl., Lourteig, L.f. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Céspedes 428 (FCQ). Link., Icon. Pl. Select. 63, t. 28. 1822. Syn.: Kunth Shrub or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10012 (BM, FCQ, G). Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 2(5): 426. 1882. Syn.: Koehne, Koehne, Koehne, Koehne, Koehne Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10137 (BM, FCQ, G). A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 206. 1827. Syn.: A.St.-Hil. & Naudin, auct. non (Cav.) Sweet, Hassl., Hassl., auct. non Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Hochr. ex Chodat & Hassl. Shrub. Departmental distribution: Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: I. Basualdo 17 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 747. 1762. Syn.: K.Schum, (Kunth) K.Schum., Kunth, Link Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: M. Dematteis et al. 2927 (FCQ). (L.) Gracke subsp. , Bonplandia 5(18): 295. 1857. Syn.: L., Aiton, A.Gray, Hassl., (Aiton) A.Gray, (L.) Morong Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9926 (FCQ). Cristóbal, Bonplandia 9(1–2): 43. 1996. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9947 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1(4): 163. 1825. Syn.: Hassl., (K.Schum. & Hassl.) Hassl., Hassl., Hassl., nom. inval., K.Schum. & Hassl., K.Schum. & Hassl. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10141 (FCQ, G). Cristóbal, Bonplandia 9(1–2): 46. 1996. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Concepción, Itapúa, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9925 (BM, FCQ, G). L. var. K.Schum., Fl. Bras. 12(3): 35. 1886. Syn.: Hassl., Hassl., K.Schum. & Hassl., R.E.Fr. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: C.L. Cristóbal & A. Krapovickas 2293 (FCQ). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 2: 674. 1753. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: R. Spichiger et al. RS2621 (FCQ). Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 283. 1822. Syn.: (Kunth) Hassl., (A.St.-Hil.) Hassl., Hassl., A.St.-Hil. Shrub or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: A. Schinini 23872 (FCQ). (Hochr.) R.E.Fr. var. , Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 43(4): 105. 1908. Syn.: Hochr., (Hochr.) Hassl. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Concepción, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9939 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753. Syn.: Rojas Acosta, Sw., Monteiro, Lam. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1264 (FCQ). Cav., Diss. 1, Diss. Bot. 14 (t. 2, f. 1). 1785. Syn.: Ulbr., Chodat & Hassl. Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles 3983 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753. Syn.: (Willd.) Griseb., (Roxb.) Mast., Roxb., Larrañaga Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1231 (FCQ). Monteiro, Monogr. Malv. Brasil. Fasc. I. 44. 1936. Syn.: auct. non K.Schum., K.Schum., Monteiro Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: N. Soria 1234 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 683. 1753. Syn.: Lam., Larrañaga, (Lam.) Griseb. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: E. Bordas 4198 (FCQ). (L.) Fryxell, Brittonia 30(4): 453. 1978. Syn.: L. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Schmeda 314 (FCQ). Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 22. 1760. Syn.: A.St.-Hil., A.St.-Hil. Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: I. Basualdo 818 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 673. 1753. Syn.: L., (L.) K.Schum. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: I. Basualdo 179 (FCQ). R.E.Fr. var. , Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 43(4): 64, pl. 4, 6. 1908. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9948 (BM, FCQ, G). (Kuntze) R.E.Fr., Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 43(4): 56, pl. 5, 6, 7. 1908. Syn.: Kuntze, auct. non (L.) R.E.Fr. Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: M. Dematteis et al. 2788 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 89. 1753. Syn.: Kunth Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: G. Céspedes 424 (FCQ). Lam., Encycl. 2(1): 317. 1786. Syn.: Chodat, Chodat, hom. illeg., Chodat & Hassl., Hassl., (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Hassl., (Ruiz & Pav.) Chodat & Vischer Hassl., nom. inval., Field & Gardner, Carauta, C.Valente & Dunn de Araujo, Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Ruiz & Pav., Hassl., nom. inval., Hassl., (Mart.) Hassl. Hassl., Hassl., nom. inval. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1255 (FCQ). L. var. , Sp. Pl. 1: 3. 1753. Syn.: (Rich.) Moscoso, Rich. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9985 (BM, FCQ, G). L. var. (Heimer) C.D.Adams, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 115. 1970. Syn.: Heimerl, (Heimerl) Standl., D.Parodi, nom. nud., Heimerl, Heimerl, Heimerl, Heimerl Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10184 (FCQ). (Morong) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 28: 292. 1953. Syn.: (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl., Hassl., nom. inval., Hassl., (Chodat) Hassl., (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl., Hassl., Micheli, hom. illeg., Chodat & Hassl., Chodat & Hassl., Morong, (Chodat) Munz, Munz, nom. inval., Bertoni, Chodat, (Chodat & Hassl.) Bertoni, (Chodat) Bertoni, (Chodat & Hassl.) Bertoni Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10151 (FCQ, G). Jacq., Monographia, Iconibus Illustrata 26. 1794. Syn.: (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze, (Progel) Kuntze, (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze, (Pers.) Kuntze, (Jacq.) Kuntze, (Spreng.) Kuntze, Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., Fredr., A.St.-Hil., Progel, Progel, A.St.-Hil., Pers., Larrañaga, R.Knuth, R.Knuth, R.Knuth, Chodat, R. Knuth, Spreng., Hieron. & Lorentz ex R.Knuth, nom. nud., Savigny, auct. non Zucc., (Progel) Holub, (Pers.) Holub, (R.Knuth) Holub Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Misiones, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 8100 (FCQ). L. var. ., Sp. Pl. 1: 435. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Kuntze, (Thunb.) Kuntze, R.Knuth, (L.) Small Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Guairá. Voucher: E. Zardini 23445 (AS, MO). A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 121. 1825. Syn.: (Progel) Kuntze, (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze, R.Knuth, R.Knuth, Progel Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: G. Céspedes 438 (FCQ). (Urb.) Arbo, Candollea 40(1): 176. 1985. Syn.: auct. non (Otto) Urb., Urb. Herb. Endemic. Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: F. González & M. J. López 554 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 981. 1753. Syn.: Kunth, Müll.Arg., (Kunth) G.L.Webster, Mart., (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster, (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí. Voucher: E. Zardini et al. 2421 (FCQ, MO). Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1:113. 1792. Syn.: (Rich.) Moldenke Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: E. Zardini & R. Degen 3767 (FCQ, MO). Lam. ssp. , Tabl. Encycl. 1(2): 340. 1792. Syn.: Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., Decne., Pilg., Pilg., PageBreak Hieron., Pilg., Pilg., Griseb, Decne., (Pilg.) Pilg., (Decne.) Pilg., Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg., Pilg., nom. inval., (Pilg.) Pilg, (Hieron.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg, (Pilg.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg, (Pilg.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg, (Pilg.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., Schmidt, (Hieron.) Pilg., (Pilg.) Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., Pilg., (Decne.) Pilg., Pilg., Pilg, Pilg., Pilg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, SanPedro Voucher: R. Degen et al. 4348 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 116. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Kuntze, Griseb., Chodat & Hassl., Jacq., Ridl. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10072 (FCQ). Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 2: 604. 1827. Syn.: (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze, R.E.Fr., Cham. & Schltdl. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10071 (FCQ). (Mill.) Hassl., Trab. Mus. Farmacol. 21: 110. 1909. Syn.: Sol., Mill., (Sol.) Minod, (Mill.) Britton, Kunth, (Sol.) G.Dawson, Colla, W.T.Aiton, (Mill.) Kuntze Herb. Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Canindeyú, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1220 (BM, FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1046. 1753. Syn.: Hack., Hack., Hack., Hack. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10179 (FCQ, G). ► L. subsp. , Sp.Pl. 1: 79. 1753. Syn.: Thell., (L.) Thell., (Thell.) Parodi Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10074 (FCQ). L., Mant. Pl. 2: 302. 1771. Syn.: Rich. ex Pers., nom. illeg., (L.) Link Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Guairá, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9969 (FCQ, G). L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1050. 1753. Syn.: Mez, Cav., nom. inval. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1293 (FCQ). (Schumach.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106(1): 129. 2010. Syn.: Schumach. Herb. Intruduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Central, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10083 (BM, FCQ, G). Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 203. 1797. Syn.: DC., Kunth Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10195 (FCQ). (L.) Pers. var. , Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Syn.: (L.) Kuntze, Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Caro & E.A.Sánchez, J.Presl., Nees, L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1304 (FCQ). (L.) Pers. var. Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 210, f. 2G. 1969. Herb. Departmental distribution: Itapúa, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1282 (FCQ). (Hack. & Arechav.) Parodi var. , Revista Fac. Agron. Veterin. 4: 47. 1922. Syn.: Henrard, Phil. ex Henrard, nom. nud., Hack. & Arechav., Phil., nom. illeg., (Hack. & Arechav.) Hack., Arechav., Phil., hom. illeg., (Hack. & Arechav.) Hitchc. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Itapúa, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: C.V.M. Pavetti 10974 (Zuloaga et al. 1994). Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 61: 2. 1930. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: T. Rojas 11188 (AS, MO). (Lam.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. (ed. 15 bis) 2: 470. 1817. Syn.: Lam., (Lam.) Kunth, Nees, hom. illeg. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9918 (FCQ). (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. 27. 1802. Syn.: Reeder, (Kunth) Henrard, Link, Phil., Kunth, Retz., (Retz.) Vasey Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10069 (FCQ). Willd., Enum. Pl. 92. 1809. Syn.: (Willd.) G.Mey., Steud., (Willd.) Schweinf. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: W.J. Hahn 2076 (MO, PY). (L.) Fedde, Bot. Jahresber. 31(1): 778. 1904. Syn.: Raddi, nom. illeg., L., (L.) Mez ex Ekman, comb. superfl., (L.) G.Mey., Hack., nom. inval., Rottb., nom. superfl., Kunth, Sw., nom. superfl., (L.) Nees, (L.) Griseb., (L.) Millsp., (L.) Chase. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9989 (BM, FCQ, G). (L.) Link., Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Syn.: (Guss.) Wiegand, L., Arechav., (L.) Kunth, Phil. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10165 (BM, FCQ, G). (L.) P.Beauv. var. , Ess. Agrostogr. 161 (53, 169). 1812. Syn.: L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & L. Ramella 2925 (FCQ). (Kunth) Schult., Mant. 2: 269. 1824. Syn.: (Kunth) Hitchc., Kunth, (Nees) Trin. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10135 (BM, FCQ, G). (Ard.) Fritsch, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 41: 742. 1891. Syn.: Döll, Ard. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Cordillera. Voucher: E. Lurvey 60 (Zuloaga et al. 1994). (Kunth) Hitchc. var. (Nees) Mart.Crov., Revista Argent. Agron. 9: 318. 1942. Syn.: (Nees ex Trin.) Link, Nees ex Trin., (Nees ex Trin.) Herter Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1311 (FCQ). (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 8. 1788. Syn.: L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10162 (FCQ, G). (Lam.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1(2): 203. 1792. Syn.: Lam., Döll, Link, (Lam.) Kunth, comb. superfl. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1292 (FCQ). Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 509. 1829. Syn.: (Raddi) Herter, Raddi, Griseb., Ekman, (Nees) Kunth, hom. illeg., (Raddi) Hack. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 440 (FCQ). Schrad., Mant. 2: 318. 1824. Syn.: auct. non (Desf.) Trin., Döll, Döll, Burkart, Jedwabn., Link, Trin., Jedwabn., (Link) Link, (Schrad. ex Schult.) Kuntze, Trin., (Link) Döll, auct. non (Lam.) Steud., (Link) Kunth, Link, (Trin.) Kunth. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 448 (FCQ). Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 507. 1829. Syn.: Lindm., (Lindm.) Hack., Döll, Hack., (Nees) Griseb., (Nees) Kunth Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: G. Céspedes 437 (FCQ). (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 71 (162, 175). 1812. Syn.: (Bonnet) Thell., (Hack.) Thell., Schrad., Steud., Wiegand, Hack., (Bonnet) Thell., Bonnet, (Cav.) P.Beauv., L. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera. Voucher: M. Ortíz 2 (FCQ). (Rudge) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 276. 1829. Syn.: Poir., Rudge Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10180 (FCQ). (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 71 (161, 166). 1812. Syn.: (Jacq.) Raspail, (L.) Raspail, Jacq., L., Desv., (Jacq.) Pers., Willd. ex Steud., nom. inval., (L.) Pers., (Jacq.) Chapm., (Jacq.) Lam., (L.) Lam., (Desv.) Parodi ex Nicora, (Jacq.) Trin., Steud., Nees, (Jacq.) Link ex Griseb., (Steud.) Döll, Hack, (Jacq.) G.Mey. (Jacq.) P.Beauv. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: D.R. Brunner 1219 (MO, PY). (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacob var. , Austrobaileya 6(3): 572. 2003. Syn.: Jacq., (Jacq.) R.D.Webster Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: R. Degen 1518 (FCQ). (Willd.) Zizka, Biblioth. Bot. 138: 55. 1988. Syn.: (Willd.) C.E.Hubb., (Nees) Stapf & C.E.Hubb., Willd., (Willd.) Hitchc. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1271 (FCQ). Arechav. var. , Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 147. 1894. Syn.: R.A.Palacios, Zuloaga, Hack. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10085 (FCQ, G). Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. 25. 1823. Syn.: Hitchc. & Chase Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa. Voucher: A.Schinini 6282 (CTES,G). Chase, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23(3): 137, f. 1. 1933. Syn.: Parodi, Hack. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 1669 (FCQ). Parodi, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 137. 1933. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles & R. Degen 5885 (FCQ). P.J.Bergius, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. 7: 129 (130; t. 8). 1772. Syn.: Steud. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: O. Morrone & J. Pensiero 133 (FCQ). Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 45. 1803. Syn.: (Michx.) Kuntze, (Döll) Killeen, Spreng., Parodi, nom. inval., Arechav., Döll, Hack., (Spreng.) Roseng., B.R.Arrill. & Izag., Pilg., Swallen Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1308 (FCQ). Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 1: 153. 1834. Syn.: Döll, auct. non Trin., (Trin.) Roseng., B.R.Arrill. & Izag. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10093 (FCQ). Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1(1): 24. 1853. Syn.: Arechav. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: E. Lurvey 72 (Zuloaga et al. 2014). Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 310. 1917. Syn.: Henrard, Hack, Hack Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: J.R. Ramírez 132 (CTES). (Poir.) Kerguélen var. , Lejeunia 120: 161. 1987. Syn.: For full list of synonyms see Pensiero (2003). Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10100 (FCQ). Schrad., Mant. 2: 279. 1824. Syn.: (Schrad.) Scribn., (Schrad.) Trin., Döll, Döll, Döll, Hack., Kunth. Herb. Departmental distribution: Amambay, Guairá. Voucher: E. Hassler & T. Rojas 10141 (Zuloaga et al. 2014). (Rich.) Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat. 78. 1831. Syn.: A.Rich., (Salzm.) C.E.Hubb. Herb. Departmental distribution: Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí. Voucher: E.M. Zardini & C. Velázquez 26273 (FCQ, MO). (L.) Pers. var. , Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805. Syn.: (L.) Brot., (L.) Hack., L., Hack., nom. inval. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Central, Itapúa. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10084 (FCQ). (Lam.) Hitchc., Man. Grasses W. Ind. 84. 1936. Syn.: Lam., (Nees) Kunth, Hack., (Hack.) Hack., Hack., Nees Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9970 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). (Desv.) P.M.Peterson, Taxon 64: 460. 2015. Syn.: L., A polydactylon L., nom. illeg., (L.) Nash, hom. illeg., C.D.Adams, Desv., (L.) Sw., Kurtz Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9973 (BM, FCQ, G). * S.T.Blake, Univ. Queensl. Papers, Dept. Biol. 1 (18): 12. 1941. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9942 (FCQ, G). (Lag.) Parodi, Revista Argent. Agron. 14: 63. 1947. Syn.: Lag., Phil., (E.Fourn. ex Scribn.) Kuntze, (Lag.) Kuntze, (Phil.) PageBreakKuntze, E.Fourn. ex Scribn., Parodi, Parodi, nom. inval., (Phil.) Kurtz, (E.Fourn. ex Scribn.) Kurtz, (Phil.) Kurtz ex Seckt, hom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9976 (FCQ). (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster, Austral. () 233. 1987. Syn.: (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf, Hochst. ex A.Rich. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10075 (FCQ). (Stapf) R.D.Webster, Austral. () 234. 1987. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Cordillera, San Pedro. Voucher: O. Morrone & J. Pensiero 371 (FCQ). (Morong) Morrone & Zuloaga, Darwiniana 31: 95. 1992. Syn.: (Morong) Henrard, (Morong) Clayton, Morong Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9943 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). (Link.) R.D.Webster, Syst. Bot. 13(4): 607. 1988. Syn.: (Link) Hitchc., Link Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1291 (FCQ). Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 178. 1817. Syn.: (Kunth) M.Gómez, Meisn., Mart. ex Meisn., (Wedd.) Meisn., Pilg., Lindau, Wedd., Wedd. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: A. Schinini & R. Palacios 25915 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 362 (-363). 1753. Syn.: Boreau, Phil., K.Koch, H.Gross Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Presidente Hayes. Voucher: T. Rojas 409 (Cialdella and Brandbyge 2001). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 364. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Dumort., (L.) A.Löve, (L.) Webb & Moq. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa. Voucher: E. Lurvey 17 (CTES). Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 2: 178. 1817. Syn.: (Kunth) M.Gómez Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10117 (FCQ, G). Michx. var. (Baldwin) Gleason, Phytologia 4(1): 23. 1952. Syn.: (Cham. & Schltdl.) Meisn., Baldwin, Cham. & Schltdl. Herb. Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 691 (BM, FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 360. 1753. Syn.: (L.) Delarbre, (Speg.) Macloskie, R.Br., Cham. & Schltdl., Speg., J.Remy Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Concepción, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles 1387 (FCQ). Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 3(1): 40–42. 1828. Syn.: (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez, Cham. & Schltdl., Wedd., (Cham. & Schltdl.) Meisn., Chodat & Hassl. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: R. Degen 9 (FCQ). Elliot, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(5): 455–456. 1821. Syn.: (Elliot) Small, Kunth, hom. illeg., Wedd., Pursh, hom. illeg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10019 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). Danser, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1920: 241. 1921. Syn.: auct. non D.Parodi Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10092 (FCQ, G). D.Parodi, Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 5: 160. 1878. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Misiones, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: R. Spichiger et al. RS2209 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 336. 1753. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Misiones. Voucher: I. Basualdo 1164 (FCQ). Speg., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 82: 217. 1916. Syn.: (Poelln.) D.Legrand, (Poelln.) D.Legrand, Speg., D.Legrand, nom. illeg., (Poelln.) D.Legrand Poelln. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles 10125 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 445. 1753. Syn.: (D.Legrand) D.Legrand, Kunth, Mack. & Bush, Poelln., Eggers, Eggers, (Haw.) Griseb., (Montandon) Thell., D.Legrand, Engelm. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9994 (FCQ). Cham. & Schltdl. var. (DC.) K.Schum., Fl. Bras. 6(6): 48. 1888. Syn.: DC., (Ruiz & Pav.) Griseb., Hassl., Hassl., Hassl., Hassl., Griseb. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10204 (FCQ, G). (L.) G.Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 83. 1818. Syn.: auct. non (A.St.-Hil.) Steyerm., L. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1242 (BM, FCQ). (Spreng.) Kuntze, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 331. 1931. Syn.: DC., (Spreng.) Standl., comb. superfl., Griseb., Cham. & Schltdl., Spreng. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10021 (FCQ). (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 4: 572. 1830. Syn.: auct. non (L.) DC., auct. non L., Sw. Herb. Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10103 (FCQ). * (Schumach.) DC., Prodr. 4: 425. 1830. Syn.: Schumach. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Central, Cordillera. Voucher: F. Mereles 10120 (FCQ). Gomes, Mem. sobre Ipecac. 31. 1801. Syn.: (Gomes) Hayne, auct. non Ruiz & Pav., A.St.-Hil., (A.St.-Hil.) Schult.f., auct. non L., Beauverd & Felipp., auct. non (L.) A.St.-Hil. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1234 (FCQ). (Link ex Roem. & Schult.) K.Schum. var. , Fl. Bras. 6(6): 76. 1888. Syn.: S.Moore, (Link ex Roem. & Schult.) Cham. & Schltdl., Link ex Roem. & Schult., Griseb. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Concepción, Cordillera, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10152 (FCQ, G). Graham, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 5: 175. 1828. Syn.: Griseb., Comes, Comes, Comes, Lillo, Millán, nom. inval., (Graham) Griseb., Raf. Shrub or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10156 (BM, FCQ, G). Cav., Descr. Pl. 106. 1802. Syn.: Griseb., A.St.-Hil., (A.St.-Hil.) Comes, Comes, nom. inval., Morong Herb. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10055 (FCQ). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 183. 1753. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Guairá, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1319 (BM, FCQ). Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) no. 5. 1768. Syn.: Polg., (Jacq.) Edmonds, Bitter, Bitter, (Mill.) O.E.Schulz, L., Jacq., Chodat, Hassl., Dunal, Chodat, Dunal, Bitter. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1320 (BM, FCQ). Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 18. 1912. Syn.: Cárdenas, Hassl., Bukasov, Cárdenas, Bitter, (Hassl.) Hassl., (Cárdenas) Correll, (Juz. & Bukasov) Correll, (Hassl.) Hassl., (Hassl.) Hassl., (Bitter) Hawkes, Hassl., Hassl., (Bitter) Hawkes, PageBreak J.Rémy, Cárdenas, Buk. ex Lechn., Juz. & Bukasov, Juz. & Bukasov, Juz. & Bukasov, Hassl., Hassl., Hassl., Hassl., Bukasov, Hawkes, Hawkes, Bitter, Hawkes, Juz. & Bukasov, Bukasov, Correll, Bitter, Correll, Juz. & Bukasov, L.Planch., Hawkes, Juz. & Bukasov, Bitter, Ochoa, (Ochoa) Gorbat., Hawkes. Herb. Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: I. Basualdo 270 (FCQ). Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 115. 1852. Syn.: auct. non Aiton, Hassl., (Dunal) Hassl. Shrub or tree. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1310 (FCQ). A.St.-Hil., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 321. 1825. Syn.: Hassl., Chodat, (Chodat) Hassl., (Chodat) Chodat, (Hassl.) Chodat, nom. illeg., Hassl., nom. inval., (Morong) Chodat, Dunal, Chodat, Morong, Hassl., (Chodat) Hassl., Hassl., . Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10024 (BM, FCQ, G). Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 245. 1852. Syn.: Griseb., Dunal, Chodat, S.Moore Shrub or small tree. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10014 (BM, FCQ, G). L., Sp. Pl. 1: 184. 1753. Syn.: Link ex Schauer, Chodat, Vell., Kuntze, Chodat, L.B.Sm. & Downs, Hassl., (Chodat) Hassl., (Vell.) Hassl., (Schltdl.) Hassl., Kuntze, Kuntze, Kuntze, Hassl., Hassl., Hassl., nom. inval. Subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1263 (FCQ). Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 25. 1794. Syn.: Dunal, Hook., Sendtn., Hook., Larrañaga, Balb., Kuntze, Dunal, Sendtn., nom. inval., Kuntze, Kuntze, (Sendtn.) Dunal, Dunal, Schrank Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10015 (FCQ, G). Hook., Bot. Mag. 62: t.3385. 1835. Syn.: Herter, Bitter, Bitter, Bitter, Bitter, Speg. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9992 (FCQ, G, BM, CTES). Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 240. 1852. Syn.: DC., hom. illeg., auct. non Schrank, Schltdl. Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9974 (FCQ). (L.) Juss., Gen. Pl. 312. 1789. Syn.: L., L., Jacq., (L.) Rohrb., (Jacq.) Willd. Subshrub. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9963 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G). (Jacq.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 219. 1791. Syn.: Jacq., L., (L.) Willd. Herb. Introduced. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: M. Peña-Chocarro & J. De Egea 2453 (BM, CTES, FCQ, MO). G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. 73. 1786. Syn.: Phil., Gay, Wedd., (Lowe) Wedd., (Ledeb.) Wedd., (Steud.) L.E.Navas, Lowe, (Gay) Blume, Ledeb., Steud., Bertero ex Steud. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí. Voucher: J. De Egea 1295 (BM, FCQ, G). (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. var. (Briq.) Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 310. 1947. Syn.: Ravenna, (Briq.) Moldenke, Briq., Briq. Shrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles 9928 (BM, FCQ, G). * (Moldenke) Botta, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 26: 243. 1990. Syn.: Moldenke, Moldenke Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10067 (FCQ). (Briq.) P.Peralta, Darwiniana 45: 241. 2007. Syn.: (Moldenke) Botta, Briq., Briq., Kuntze, PageBreak (Kuntze) Moldenke, Moldenke, Moldenke, Briq., Briq. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1136 (BM, FCQ, G). (Niven ex Hook.) P.Peralta, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 98(3): 400. 2011. Syn.: (Hook.) Tronc., Hook., Briq., (Niven ex Hook.) Kuntze, Niven ex Hook., Niven ex Maund. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1274 (BM, FCQ). (Rich.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 208. 1804. Syn.: Moldenke, Moldenke ex Tronc. & Botta, Moldenke, Briq., Briq., (Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl, Moldenke, Moldenke, Rich., Ruiz & Pav. Herb or subshrub. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1221 (BM, FCQ). Kunth var. , Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 276, t. 137. 1818. Syn.: M.Martens & Galeotti, Briq., (Kunth) Gillies & Hook. ex Hook., Kunth, Briq., Sessé & Moç., Chodat, Moldenke, (Moldenke) Moldenke Chodat, (Kunth) Briq., Benth., Schauer, Schauer, nom. inval., Nutt. ex Turcz. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro. Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10091 (FCQ, G). Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 2:747. 1825. Syn.: Briq., Briq. ex Moldenke, Moldenke. Herb. Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes. Voucher: R. Degen et al. 1729 (FCQ).
  2 in total

1.  Checklist of vascular plants of the Department of Ñeembucú, Paraguay.

Authors:  Juana De Egea; Maria Peña-Chocarro; Cristina Espada; Sandra Knapp
Journal:  PhytoKeys       Date:  2012-01-30       Impact factor: 1.635

2.  How weeds emerge: a taxonomic and trait-based examination using United States data.

Authors:  Adam Kuester; Jeffrey K Conner; Theresa Culley; Regina S Baucom
Journal:  New Phytol       Date:  2014-02-04       Impact factor: 10.151
  2 in total

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