Fengfeng Yang1, Jie Dong2, Xiaolong Yan1, Xiuting Wang1, Xiaojiao Fu1, Tong Zhang1. 1. Department of Radiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China. 2. Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mediastinal involvement in lung cancer is an important prognostic factor affecting survival, and accurate staging of the mediastinum lymph node correctly identifies patients who can benefit the most from surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate the value of dual-energy spectral computed tomography (DEsCT) imaging in differentiating metastatic from non-metastatic lymph nodes in lung cancer. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) underwent arterial (AP) and portal venous (PP) phase contrast-enhanced DEsCT imaging followed by surgical treatment. gemstone spectral imaging (GSI) data images were reconstructed and transmitted to an offline workstation. GSI quantitative parameters, including lymph-node size, CT value, IC, water concentration, and spectral curve. Differences were tested for statistical significance using the two-sample t test. ROC analysis was performed to assess diagnostic performance. RESULTS: The mean short-axis diameter of metastatic LNs, slope of the spectral Hounsfield unit curve (λHU), normalized iodine concentration measured during, and both AP and PP were significantly higher in metastatic lymph node than that in benign lymph nodes. The best parameter for detecting metastatic lymph nodes was AP λHU when a threshold λHU of 2.75 was used; sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 88.2%, 88.4%, and 87.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative assessment with gemstone spectral imaging quantitative parameters showed higher accuracy than the qualitative assessment of conventional CT imaging features for the preoperative diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer. .
BACKGROUND: Mediastinal involvement in lung cancer is an important prognostic factor affecting survival, and accurate staging of the mediastinum lymph node correctly identifies patients who can benefit the most from surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate the value of dual-energy spectral computed tomography (DEsCT) imaging in differentiating metastatic from non-metastatic lymph nodes in lung cancer. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) underwent arterial (AP) and portal venous (PP) phase contrast-enhanced DEsCT imaging followed by surgical treatment. gemstone spectral imaging (GSI) data images were reconstructed and transmitted to an offline workstation. GSI quantitative parameters, including lymph-node size, CT value, IC, water concentration, and spectral curve. Differences were tested for statistical significance using the two-sample t test. ROC analysis was performed to assess diagnostic performance. RESULTS: The mean short-axis diameter of metastatic LNs, slope of the spectral Hounsfield unit curve (λHU), normalized iodine concentration measured during, and both AP and PP were significantly higher in metastatic lymph node than that in benign lymph nodes. The best parameter for detecting metastatic lymph nodes was AP λHU when a threshold λHU of 2.75 was used; sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 88.2%, 88.4%, and 87.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative assessment with gemstone spectral imaging quantitative parameters showed higher accuracy than the qualitative assessment of conventional CT imaging features for the preoperative diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer. .
A 52-year-old female patient, postoperative pathological diagnosis was right main bronchus adenocarcinoma, clinical stage was T1N2M0, seventh group of lymph nodes were metastatic lymph nodes. A: λHU of seventh group in arterial phase was 4.6, indicating this lymph node was metastatic; B: 70 keV monochromatic image in arterial phase shows that seventh group of lymph nodes expand. Size in the axis image was 9 mm. CT value, 124.1 HU; C: Iodine-based material-decomposition image shows that ICs in the lymph node was 3.82 mg/cm3 and ICaorta of thoracic aorta in the same slice was 15.43 mg/cm3, NIC of the lymph node was 0.25; D: Water-based material-decomposition image shows that water concentration in the lymph node was 1, 024.3 mg/cm3.
A 59-year-old male patient, postoperative pathological diagnosis was right upper lobe well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, clinical stage was T2N0M0, fourth group of lymph nodes were non-metastatic lymph nodes. A: λHU of fourth group in arterial phase was 2.1, indicating this lymph node was non-metastatic; B: 70 keV monochromatic image in arterial phase shows that fourth group of lymph nodes expand. Size in the axis image was 12 mm. CT value, 62.1 HU; C: Iodine-based material-decomposition image shows that ICs in the lymph node was 1.64 mg/cm3 and ICaorta of thoracic aorta in the same slice was 8.83 mg/cm3, NIC of the lymph node was 0.19; D: Water-based material-decomposition image shows that water concentration in the lymph node was 1, 024.2 mg/cm3.
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转移性淋巴结与肺转移性淋巴结GSI定量参数的比较
Difference of GSI quantitative parameters between benign and metastatic lymph nodes
Parameter
Benign lymph nodes
Metastatic lymph nodes
P value
AP: arterial phase; VP: venous phase; λHU: The slope of the Hounsfieldunit curve; NIC: normalized iodine concentration values; WC: water concentration values;GSI: gemstone spectral imaging; data are mean values±standard deviations; P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference.
Size
0.77±0.24
1.13±0.24
< 0.001
AP CT value
70.0±17.4
106.2±19.1
< 0.001
AP λHU
2.1±0.5
3.6±0.9
< 0.001
AP NIC
0.16±0.05
0.22±0.05
< 0.001
AP WC
1, 024.9±15.5
1, 030.1±10.8
0.105
VP CT value
69.5±16.5
85.5±15.9
< 0.001
VP λHU
2.3±0.6
2.7±0.8
0.005
VP NIC
0.49±0.12
0.57±0.14
0.009
VP WC
1, 022.1±14.7
1, 022.8±11.3
0.800
患者女性,52岁,术后病理为右主支气管腺癌,临床分期T1N2M0,第7组淋巴结为转移性淋巴结。A:第7组淋巴结动脉期的能谱曲线斜率为4.6,提示该淋巴结为转移性的;B:70 keV单能量增强图像动脉期显示7组淋巴结肿大。短轴直径为9 mm,CT值为124.1 HU;C:该淋巴结动脉期碘基物质分离图像的碘浓度为3.82 mg/cm3,同层胸主动脉的碘浓度为15.43 mg/cm3,该淋巴结的标准化碘浓度为0.25;D:该淋巴结动脉期水基物质分离图像的水浓度为1, 024.3 mg/cm3。A 52-year-old female patient, postoperative pathological diagnosis was right main bronchus adenocarcinoma, clinical stage was T1N2M0, seventh group of lymph nodes were metastatic lymph nodes. A: λHU of seventh group in arterial phase was 4.6, indicating this lymph node was metastatic; B: 70 keV monochromatic image in arterial phase shows that seventh group of lymph nodes expand. Size in the axis image was 9 mm. CT value, 124.1 HU; C: Iodine-based material-decomposition image shows that ICs in the lymph node was 3.82 mg/cm3 and ICaorta of thoracic aorta in the same slice was 15.43 mg/cm3, NIC of the lymph node was 0.25; D: Water-based material-decomposition image shows that water concentration in the lymph node was 1, 024.3 mg/cm3.患者男性,59岁,术后病理为右肺上叶高分化鳞癌,临床分期T2N0M0,第4组淋巴结未见转移。A:第4组淋巴结动脉期的能谱曲线斜率为2.1,提示该淋巴结为非转移性的;B:70 keV单能量增强图像动脉期显示4组淋巴结肿大。短轴直径为12 mm,CT值为62.1 HU;C:该淋巴结动脉期碘基物质分离图像的碘浓度为1.64 mg/cm3,同层胸主动脉的碘浓度为8.83 mg/cm3,该淋巴结的标准化碘浓度为0.19;D:该淋巴结动脉期水基物质分离图像的水浓度为1, 024.2 mg/cm3。A 59-year-old male patient, postoperative pathological diagnosis was right upper lobe well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, clinical stage was T2N0M0, fourth group of lymph nodes were non-metastatic lymph nodes. A: λHU of fourth group in arterial phase was 2.1, indicating this lymph node was non-metastatic; B: 70 keV monochromatic image in arterial phase shows that fourth group of lymph nodes expand. Size in the axis image was 12 mm. CT value, 62.1 HU; C: Iodine-based material-decomposition image shows that ICs in the lymph node was 1.64 mg/cm3 and ICaorta of thoracic aorta in the same slice was 8.83 mg/cm3, NIC of the lymph node was 0.19; D: Water-based material-decomposition image shows that water concentration in the lymph node was 1, 024.2 mg/cm3.转移性淋巴结与肺转移性淋巴结GSI定量参数的比较Difference of GSI quantitative parameters between benign and metastatic lymph nodes
接受者操作特征曲线ROC分析
绘制淋巴结的大小,动脉期和静脉期的CT值、能谱曲线的斜率、标准化碘浓度的ROC曲线,确定每个定量参数的最佳临界值(图 4)。所有的ROC曲线均在参考线之上。鉴别诊断转移性淋巴结和非转移性淋巴结的各个定量参数的曲线下面积、最佳临界值、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值见表 4。与其他的定量参数相比,动脉期能谱曲线的斜率的曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC=0.951)最大。如果确定动脉期的能谱曲线斜率的最佳临界值为2.75,那么其诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及总体的准确性分别为88.2%、88.4%、85.8%、90.4%、87.0%。
Graphs show receiver operating characteristic curves of GSI quantitative parameters of benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC. A: Receiver operating characteristic curves of GSI quantitative parameters in arterial phase for differentiating benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC; B: Receiver operating characteristic curves of GSI quantitative parameters in venous phase of benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC. All ROC curves are above the reference line. ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve.
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转移性淋巴结与非转移性淋巴结GSI定量参数的诊断效能
GSI quantitative parameters for differential diagnosis of benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC GSI
Quantitative parameters
AUC
Threshold
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
PPV (%)
NPV (%)
AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; Data in parentheses are 95%CIs.
Size of lymph node
0.780
0.7
90.6 (75.0-98.0)
56.3 (37.7-73.6)
87.1 (74.7-94.8)
64.8 (34.6-88.2)
AP CT value
0.934
92.1
82.4 (65.5-93.2)
95.3 (84.2-99.4)
93.3 (77.9-99.2)
87.2 (74.3-95.2)
AP λHU
0.951
2.75
88.2 (72.5-96.7)
88.4 (74.9-96.1)
85.8 (69.8-95.2)
90.4 (77.3-97.3)
AP NIC
0.833
0.15
97.1 (84.7-99.9)
58.1 (42.1-73.0)
64.7 (50.1-77.6)
96.2 (80.4-99.9)
VP CT value
0.744
83.0
55.9 (37.9-72.8)
88.4 (74.9-96.1)
79.2 (57.9-92.9)
71.7 (57.6-83.2)
VP λHU
0.662
2.5
52.9 (35.1-70.2)
79.1 (64.0-90.0)
66.7 (46.1-83.5)
68.0 (53.3-80.4)
VP NIC
0.638
0.6
44.1 (27.2-62.1)
88.4 (74.9-96.1)
75.1 (51.0-91.4)
66.6 (52.9-78.6)
转移性淋巴结与非转移性淋巴结GSI定量参数的ROC曲线分析。A:动脉期能谱CT定量参数诊断NSCLC患者转移性淋巴结与非转移性淋巴结的ROC曲线;B:静脉期能谱CT定量参数诊断NSCLC患者转移性淋巴结与非转移性淋巴结的ROC曲线。所有的ROC曲线均在参考线之上。Graphs show receiver operating characteristic curves of GSI quantitative parameters of benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC. A: Receiver operating characteristic curves of GSI quantitative parameters in arterial phase for differentiating benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC; B: Receiver operating characteristic curves of GSI quantitative parameters in venous phase of benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLC. All ROC curves are above the reference line. ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve.转移性淋巴结与非转移性淋巴结GSI定量参数的诊断效能GSI quantitative parameters for differential diagnosis of benign and metastatic lymph nodes in patients with NSCLCGSI
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