Insight into the Interfacial Process and Mechanism in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: An In Situ AFM Study.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are highly appealing for large-scale energy storage. However, performance deterioration issues remain, which are highly related to interfacial properties. Herein, we present a direct visualization of the interfacial structure and dynamics of the Li-S discharge/charge processes at the nanoscale. In situ atomic force microscopy and ex situ spectroscopic methods directly distinguish the morphology and growth processes of insoluble products Li2 S2 and Li2 S. The monitored interfacial dynamics show that Li2 S2 nanoparticle nuclei begin to grow at 2 V followed by a fast deposition of lamellar Li2 S at 1.83 V on discharge. Upon charging, only Li2 S depletes from the interface, leaving some Li2 S2 undissolved, which accumulates during cycling. The galvanostatic precipitation of Li2 S2 and/or Li2 S is correlated to current rates and affects the specific capacity. These findings reveal a straightforward structure-reactivity correlation and performance fading mechanism in Li-S batteries.