Pyruvate cellular uptake and enzymatic conversion probed by dissolution DNP-NMR: the impact of overexpressed membrane transporters.

Pyruvate membrane crossing and its lactate dehydrogenase-mediated conversion to lactate in cells featuring different levels of expression of membrane monocarboxylate transporters (MCT4) were probed by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced NMR. Hyperpolarized 13 C-1-labeled pyruvate was transferred to suspensions of rodent tumor cell carcinoma, cell line 39. The pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate monitored by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization-NMR in carcinoma cells featuring native MCT4 expression level was lower than the rate observed for cells in which the human MCT4 gene was overexpressed. The enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase was also assessed in buffer solutions, following the real-time pyruvate-to-lactate conversion speeds at different enzyme concentrations.