Transport and aggregation of rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles in saturated porous media in the presence of ammonium.

The widely used artificial nanoparticles (NPs) and the excess of ammonium (NH4+) fertilizers are easily released into the natural environment. So, clarifying the mobility of NPs in the presence of NH4+ is therefore of great urgency and high priority. Currently, few studies focus on the transport and deposition of nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nTiO2) in single and binary systems containing NH4+, especially describing this process by a mathematical model. In this work, the comparison between the transport and retention of rutile nTiO2 in single and binary electrolyte solutions of NH4Cl and/or NaCl (0.5-50 mM) were conducted at pH 6.0 and 8.0 through running the column experiments. Experimental results show that the aggregation and retention of nTiO2 in solution containing mono-valence cations obeys the order as follows: NH4+ > Na+ > Na+ + NH4+ at the same ion strength (IS). It is attributed to the lower critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of rutile nTiO2 in NH4+ than that in Na+ solution. In particular, the simultaneous presence of NH4+ and Na+ favors the transportability of nTiO2 due to the strong competitive adsorption on the surface of NPs. The two-site kinetic retention model provides the good simulation for their transport behavior. The likely mechanism is that the secondary energy minimum of nTiO2 in NH4+ system associated with the greater K2 at surface Site 2 (from model) on sand can be explained for the more reversible deposition. Ammonium leachate associated with NPs can thus be considered a serious concern.