Amira Masri1, Seo-Kyung Chung2, Mark I Rees3. 1. Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 1612 Code, 11941 Amman, Jordan. Electronic address: masriamira69@hotmail.com. 2. Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, UK. Electronic address: s.chung@swansea.ac.uk. 3. Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, UK. Electronic address: m.i.rees@swansea.ac.uk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hyperekplexia, is a rare disorder characterized by excessive startle response to acoustic, visual, or other stimuli. It is inherited in autosomal recessive and dominant pattern. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and genetic features of hyperekplexia in Jordanian patients. METHODS: This retrospective study includes all patients with proved genetic diagnosis of hyperekplexia who presented to our clinic at the Jordan University Hospital from January 2001 through July 2015. RESULTS: A total of 16 children from 12 families were included. The total follow up period ranged from one to eleven years. The majority of the patients (13/16=81.3%) were initially misdiagnosed as epilepsy. All patients had excessive startle response since birth. Tonic-apneic spells occurred in 15/16=93.8% patients. Fourteen patients (45/16=87.5%) received clonazepam. Stopping clonazepam by three years of age failed in 11/14 (78.6%) due to reappearance of tonic-apneic spells (8/14=57.1%), recurrent falling (10/14=71.4%) or due to both reasons (5/14=35.7%). Delayed motor development occurred in 7/16 (43.8%), speech delay in 4/16 (25.0%), global developmental delay in 1/16 (6.3%), and autism spectrum disorder in 1/16 (6.3%) patient. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive in all 12/12 (100%) families. Mutations in GLRA1 gene was present in 9/16 (56.3%); the most common mutation was in p.G254D (4/9; 44.5%). Mutations in the GLRB gene was present in 4/16 (25.0%) patients and the SLC6A5 gene in 3/16 (18.8%) patients. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of hyperekplexia in Jordanian patients is manifested by tonic-apneic spells in all homozygous patients. The persistence of apneic spells and recurrent falls throughout childhood necessitate continuous treatment and surveillance.
BACKGROUND:Hyperekplexia, is a rare disorder characterized by excessive startle response to acoustic, visual, or other stimuli. It is inherited in autosomal recessive and dominant pattern. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and genetic features of hyperekplexia in Jordanian patients. METHODS: This retrospective study includes all patients with proved genetic diagnosis of hyperekplexia who presented to our clinic at the Jordan University Hospital from January 2001 through July 2015. RESULTS: A total of 16 children from 12 families were included. The total follow up period ranged from one to eleven years. The majority of the patients (13/16=81.3%) were initially misdiagnosed as epilepsy. All patients had excessive startle response since birth. Tonic-apneic spells occurred in 15/16=93.8% patients. Fourteen patients (45/16=87.5%) received clonazepam. Stopping clonazepam by three years of age failed in 11/14 (78.6%) due to reappearance of tonic-apneic spells (8/14=57.1%), recurrent falling (10/14=71.4%) or due to both reasons (5/14=35.7%). Delayed motor development occurred in 7/16 (43.8%), speech delay in 4/16 (25.0%), global developmental delay in 1/16 (6.3%), and autism spectrum disorder in 1/16 (6.3%) patient. The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive in all 12/12 (100%) families. Mutations in GLRA1 gene was present in 9/16 (56.3%); the most common mutation was in p.G254D (4/9; 44.5%). Mutations in the GLRB gene was present in 4/16 (25.0%) patients and the SLC6A5 gene in 3/16 (18.8%) patients. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of hyperekplexia in Jordanian patients is manifested by tonic-apneic spells in all homozygous patients. The persistence of apneic spells and recurrent falls throughout childhood necessitate continuous treatment and surveillance.