A new species of Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893 from China with a key to Chinese species (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae).

A new species of armored scale insect, Aulacaspis zunyiensissp. n. is described and illustrated from collections on cycads in China. A key to the Aulacaspis species known from China is provided.

Introduction

The scale insects or are small, sap-sucking insects with at least 30 families and approximately 8000 species (Andersen et al. 2010; Hodgson and Peronti 2012), sister to in the suborder . Together with and , they comprise the hemipterous suborder (Kondo et al. 2008).

is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera as currently known (García et al. 2016). Conventionally, new species of armored scales are diagnosed based on extreme modification of the adult PageBreakfemales, with the complete loss of legs, reduction of the eyes and antennae, and modification in the terminal segments of abdomen (Andersen et al. 2010). Many armored scale insects are agricultural pests and invasive species (Miller et al. 2005). The higher classification within the family is inconsistent, but two of the major subfamilies are the and the .

The genus Cockerell, 1893 is a large group of that belongs to the subfamily . The genus was originally established by Cockerell (1893) with Bouché, 1833 as the type species. Since the introduction of the generic name , many additional species have been described (e.g., Chen 1983; Chou 1982; Tang 1986; Takagi 1961, 1967; 1970; 1988; 1998; 1999; 2009; 2010a; 2010b; 2012a; 2012b; 2013; 2014; 2015; Williams 1988; 2010; Rutherford 1915; Robinson 1917; Takahashi 1931). The genus currently comprises 120 species (García et al. 2016; Takagi. 2012b; 2013; 2015), which occur in almost all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica (Suh 2013) and most are found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions (Suh 2013). The species of this genus are associated with diverse plants and mostly feed on woody angiosperms (Takagi 2015). Some species of , such as (Bouché) and Takagi, are considered to be serious pests of ornamental plants (Milek et al. 2008; Miller et al. 2005; Watson and Marler 2014). China is the largest distributional region according to records of , with 55 species having been reported in this country.

Recently, a new species of was discovered in China, and it is described and illustrated herein, bringing the number of species recorded in this genus to 121, of which 56 are recorded from China. A key to the Chinese species of is provided.

Materials and methods

Infested plant samples were collected in the field. Permanent slide mounts of adult females from the samples were made according to Henderson (2011). The illustrations of the adult female are drawn from slide-mounted specimens, with the figure displaying the dorsal body surface on the left side and the ventral body surface on the right side. Enlargements of significant features are located around the body. The morphological terminology and measurements in the descriptions follows those of Miller and Davidson (2005). The abbreviations in the text refer to different pygidial lobes: L1 stands for the median lobes, L2 for the second pair of lobes, L3 for the third pair of lobes, and L4 for the fourth pair of lobes. All measurements are given in micrometres (µm). Measurements were made using the measurement tools NIT-Elements D.

The type series of the new species is deposited in the Insect Collection of Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, China.

Taxonomy

Cockerell

Cockerell, 1893: 180.

Type species.

Bouché: by subsequent designation by Newstead, 1901: 168.

Generic diagnosis.

Female scale. White, circular, exuviae located on front end.

Male scale. White, long and narrow, exuviae located on front end.

Adult female. Body shape varied, mushroom-shaped, fusiform or cuniform; derm membranous except for the margin of pygidium; prosoma swollen or wider than metathorax and abdomen, slightly squared in most species. Cephalothorax. Antennae each with a seta. Anterior spiracles each usually with a cluster of trilocular pores, posterior spiracles each with or without associated trilocular pores. Dorsal ducts present or absent on prosoma, scattered. Pygidium. Usually with three pairs of lobes (rarely with two or four pairs). well-developed, much larger than lobules of lateral lobes, zygotic basally, without marginal setae between lobes. In general, L1 are divided into two types depending on feeding site: bark-type, where individuals occur on bark and L1 protrudes at the end of the pygidium; and leaf-type, on leaves and L1 is sunken into the end of pygidium. much smaller than L1, bilobed, divided into inner lobule and outer lobule, outer lobule usually smaller than inner. smaller than L2, bilobed, outer lobule smaller than inner. present in some species and usually represented by serrations along the body margin. Gland spines. Marginal gland spines developed, present on lateral of abdominal segment II and III; usually single on abdominal segments V-VIII, but in some species there are two or more. Marginal gland spines becoming shorter to conical on anterior segments; in some species they are called gland tubercles. Ducts. Dorsum with double-barred ducts. Marginal macroducts of pygidium usually larger than dorsal macroducts. Dorsal macroducts forming submedial and submarginal rows on abdominal and pygidium, sometimes occurring in two sizes. Ventral microducts scattered. Anal opening situated at the center of the pygidium, small. Perivulvar disc pores in five groups.

Median lobes

Second lobes

Third lobes

Fourth lobes

Remarks.

Members of this genus, like other members of the subfamily , have a pygidium with macroducts of the two-barred type, the second pygidial lobe bilobulate, and fringed plates absent between the lobes, but is distinguished from other genera, especially Signoret, 1868 by having a remarkably swollen prosoma. Moreover, lacks lateral macroducts and gland spines on abdominal segment I and on the thorax, present in these locations on . Furthermore, MacGillivray, 1921 is similar in features of the body, but can be distinguished by the presence of a pair of setae between the L1, which are absent in .

sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/D255B8CB-9DCB-4902-BBD1-2B12486EF0CF

Figures 1–9

Figure 1–9.

Wei & Jing, sp. n., adult female; 1 habitus 2 antennae 3 anterior spiracle 4 detail of dorsal gland macroduct 5 gland tubercles 6 paraphyses 7 detail of end of pygidium 8 pygidium 9 quinquelocular pores.

Material examined.

Holotype and 11 paratypes, adult female. China: Guizhou Province. Zunyi city, , on Thunb, 17.vii. 2015, leg. Weijiufeng and Niu Minmin.

Description.

Female scale. Adult female cover convex, circular white; exuvia on front end. Male scale. Not recorded.

Adult female. Slide-mounted adult female 1150–1301 µm long (holotype 1246 µm long); widest part of body 901–950 µm wide (holotype 922 µm wide). Body outline fusiform, derm membranous except for pygidium. Usually widest at mesothorax, lateral abdominal and thoracic lobes well-developed; prosomatic tubercles slightly produced. Cephalothorax. Antennae each with one seta. Anterior spiracles each with 14–16 trilocular pores in a cluster, posterior spiracles without trilocular pores. Pygidial lobes. With three pairs of lobes; L1 well-developed, zygotic basally, much larger than lateral lobes; protruding from pygidial margin, with one deep notch and small serrations on outer margin and one obvious notch on apex. Without setae between median lobes; L2 bilobate, inner lobule rounded, much larger than outer lobule, outer lobule very small, smaller than L3, a pair of obvious paraphyses arising from the mesal margin of the L2 lobes. L3 bilobate, slightly smaller than L2. Gland spines. One present between L1 and L2, one present between L2 and L3, two present on abdominal segment VI, 3–5 on abdominal segment III, 4–5 on abdominal segment IV, 5–6 on abdominal segment V, 1–2 on abdominal segment II, 0–1 on abdominal segment I. Gland spines on segment I and II shorter than those on other segments. Ventral gland tubercles present on submargins of metathorax and abdominal segments I and II. Ducts. Marginal macroducts, of two-barred type, 12.8–16.3 µm long (holotype 16.0 µm long), absent between L1, one present between L1 and L2, two present between L2 and L3, two present on the abdominal segment V. Dorsal macroducts on pygidium and abdominal segments shorter than marginal macroducts; 8.5–10.2 µm long (9.6 µm long), of two-barred type, arranged segmentally in submedian and submarginal rows; submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II to V: 10–11 on segment II, 8–9 on segment III, 5–6 on segment IV, 4–7 on segment V; submedian dorsal macroducts present on segment II to V: 4–6 on segment II, 5–6 on segment III, 4–5 on segment IV, 3–6 on segment V. Lateral macroducts few, 5–7 in total, present between abdominal II and III, of which, 2–3 on segment II, 3–4 on segment III, smaller than dorsal ducts present on abdominal and pygidium. Ventral microducts scattered on pygidium, few. Anal opening small, in holotype posterior margin of anal opening is situated 155 µm from base of L1. Perivulvar pores in five groups, 13–16 in the median group, 30–35 in each of the anteriolateral and 29–30 in each of the posteriolateral groups.

This species is very similar to (Takagi, 1970) in body shape. But differs in having (character-states on in brackets): (i) posterior spiracle PageBreakPageBreakwithout trilocular pores (posterior spiracle with trilocular pores); (ii) dorsal macroducts absent from submedial region of abdominal segment VI (present); (iii) dorsal macroducts absent from submedial region of abdominal segment II (present).

Host plant.

Thunb.

Etymology.

The specific epithet is named after Zunyi, the type locality.

Distribution.

China (Guizhou).

Key to adult female Cockerell from China

(The descriptions of three species, Takahashi, Takahashi, and Zehntner are inadequate for inclusion in this key)

1	Trilocular pores absent near each posterior spiracle	2
–	Trilocular pores present near each posterior spiracle	9
2	Dorsal microducts present on abdominal segment I , II, III	Aulacaspis vitis (Green)
–	Dorsal microducts present on abdominal segment I, II, III	3
3	Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II	4
–	Dorsal macroducts absent from submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II	5
4	Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis yunnanensis (Feng)
–	Dorsal macroducts absent from submedial area of abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis zunyiensis sp. n.
5	Dorsal macroducts absent from submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II	6
–	Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II	Aulacaspis pudica (Ferris)
6	With two or three dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis fagraeae (Green)
–	With one or no dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment I	7
7	Dorsal macroducts absent from submedial area of abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis oblonga (Chen)
–	Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI	8
8	With spur present on each of abdominal segment IV and V, submedian dorsal microducts present on abdominal II and III	Aulacaspis calcarata Takagi
–	Without spur on abdominal segment IV and V, submedian dorsal microducts present on abdominal segment III, absent from abdominal II	Aulacaspis schizosoma (Takagi)
9	Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal area of abdominal segment VI	10
–	Dorsal macroducts absent from submarginal area of abdominal segment VI	11
10	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming double row; dorsal submarginal macroducts present on abdominal segment II	Aulacaspis difficilis (Cockerell)
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming single row; dorsal submarginal macroducts absent from abdominal segment II	Aulacaspis altiplagae Chen
11	Submedial dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment II	Aulacaspis litzeae (Green)
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment III	12
12	Dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment II	13
–	Dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II	34
13	Dorsal microducts present on submedial of abdominal segment I, II	14
–	Dorsal microducts absent from submedial of abdominal segment I and II	15
14	With four pairs of lobes on pygidium	Aulacaspis madiunensis (Zehntner)
–	With three pairs of lobes on pygidium	Aulacaspis ferrisi Scott
15	Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment V and VI, forming double row	16
–	Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment V and VI, forming single row	17
16	With four pairs of lobes on pygidium; L1 protrude the end of pygidium	Aulacaspis wakayamaensis (Kuwana)
–	With three pairs of lobes on pygidium; L1 sunken into the apex of the pygidium	Aulacaspis saigusai Takagi
17	Submedial dorsal macroducts forming double row on abdominal segment IV	18
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts forming single row on abdominal segment IV	21
18	Prosomatic tubercles robust; only 1 dorsal macroduct on abdominal segment VI	19
–	Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; with more than 2 dorsal macroducts on abdominal segment VI	20
19	Postsoma robust, with abdominal segment II strongly lobed out laterally; basal zygosis of L1 distinct	Aulacaspis yabunikkei (Kuwana)
–	Postsoma slender, with the pygidium rather narrow; basal zygosis of L1 unconspicuous	Aulacaspis alisiana (Takagi)
20	Anterior spiracles with about 20 trilocular pores; with 3 pairs of lobes on pygidium	Aulacaspis sassafras Chen, Wu & Su
–	Anterior spiracles with about 70 trilocular pores; with 4 pairs of lobes on pygidium	Aulacaspis tegalensis (Zehntner)
21	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment III, forming double row	22
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment III, forming single row	24
22	Dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal VI	Aulacaspis robusta Takahashi
–	Dorsal macroducts present on abdominal VI	23
23	With more than three dorsal submedial macroducts on abdominal VI; anterior spiracles with 19 trilocular pores; the widest of body present on head	Aulacaspis amamiana Takagi
–	With only one dorsal submedial macroducts on abdominal VI; anterior spiracles With 10 trilocular pores; the widest of body present on prothorax	Aulacaspis ima Scott
24	Gland spines present on abdominal segment II	Aulacaspis nitida Scott
–	Gland spines absent from abdominal segment II	25
25	Submedial dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment VI	26
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment VI	28
26	Prosoma well swollen; with more than 11 gland spines on abdominal segment III	Aulacaspis sirodamo Takagi
–	Prosoma not swollen; with less than ten gland spines on abdominal segment III	27
27	Posterior spiracles with 4–5 trilocular pores; with slender paraphyses placed at base of L1	Aulacaspis fuzhouensis Tang
–	Posterior spiracles with 2–3 trilocular pores; without slender paraphyses placed at base of L1	Aulacaspis latissima (Cockerell)
28	Prosomatic tubercles robust	29
–	Prosomatic tubercles not discernible	30
29	With a pair of elongate scleroses on the base of L1; only 1 dorsal macroduct present on abdominal segment VI; anterior spiracles each with 4–5 trilocular pores	Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead)
–	Without a pair of elongate scleroses on the base of L1 ; with 2–3 dorsal macroducts on abdominal segment VI; anterior spiracles each with 8–13 trilocular pores	Aspidiotus rosae (Bouché)
30	Without dorsal microducts on prosoma	31
–	With dorsal microducts on prosoma	33
31	L1 almost parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices; gland tubercles absent from segment I	32
–	L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium; gland tubercles present on segment I	Aulacaspis actinodaphnes Takagi
32	Only one submedial macroduct present on abdominal segment III; prosoma as broad as or slightly wider than postsoma	Aulacaspis hedyotidis (Green)
–	With 2–8 submedial macroducts on abdominal segment III; prosoma swollen, distinctly wider than postsoma	Aulacaspis ericacearum Takagi
33	L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium; anterior spiracles each with 16 trilocular pores; only one submedial macroducts on abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi
–	L1 almost parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices; anterior spiracles each with 30–50 trilocular pores; with 2-4 submedial macroducts on abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis machili (Takahashi)
34	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I, forming a double row	35
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts present or absent on abdominal segment I; if present, forming single row	41
35	Submedial dorsal macroducts present on segment VI, forming double or triple row	Aulacaspis murrayae (Takahashi)
–	Submedial dorsal macroducts present or absent on segment VI; if present, forming a single row	36
36	Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming a double row	37
–	Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming a single row	38
37	Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I	Aulacaspis actinidiae Takagi
–	Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I	Aulacaspis spinosa (Maskell)
38	Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I	Aulacaspis citri Chen
–	Submarginal dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I	39
39	Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II and III, forming double row, gland tubercles present on segment I	Aulacaspis intermedius (Chen, Wu & Su)
–	Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II and III, forming single row, gland tubercles absent from segment I	40
40	L1 projecting beyond apex of pygidium; anterior spiracles each with 40–60 trilocular pores, posterior spiracles each with 20–30 trilocular pores	Aulacaspis projecta Takagi
–	L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium; anterior spiracles each with less than 30 trilocular pores, posterior spiracles each with 2–7 trilocular pores	Aulacaspis crawii (Cockerell)
41	Dorsal macroducts forming a double row on submedial area of abdominal segment I	42
–	Dorsal macroducts forming a single row on submedial area of abdominal segment I	46
42	Dorsal macroducts forming a double row on submedial area of abdominal segment IV	43
–	Dorsal macroducts forming a single row on submedial area of abdominal segment IV	44
43	Prosomatic tubercles robust; L1 parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices	Aulacaspis rosarum (Borchsenius)
–	Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium	Aulacaspis megaloba Scott
44	L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium	Aulacaspis litseae Tang
–	L1 almost parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices	45
45	Prosomatic tubercles robust; with 4–5 dorsal macroducts on submarginal area of abdominal segment V	Aulacaspis guangdongensis Chen, Wu & Su
–	Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; with 1 dorsal macroduct on submarginal area of abdominal segment V	Aulacaspis longanae Chen, Wu & Su
46	Dorsal macroducts forming a double row on submedial area of abdominal segment III	47
–	Dorsal macroducts forming a single row on submedial area of abdominal segment III	50
47	Dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I	48
–	Dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I	49
48	Prosomatic tubercles robust; marginal macroducts between L1 and L2 longer than the length of L1; inner margin of L1 slightly serrate	Aulacaspis greeni Takahashi
–	Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; marginal macroducts between L1 and L2 equal or shorter than the length of L1; inner margin of L1 not serrate	Aulacaspis phoebicola Takahashi
49	Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment II, forming double row; anterior spiracles with 30 trilocular pores	Aulacaspis acronychiae Takagi & Martin
–	Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment II and IV, forming single row; anterior spiracles with 15 trilocular pores	Aulacaspis thoracica (Robinson)
50	Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI	51
–	Dorsal macroducts absent from submedial area of abdominal segment VI	Aulacaspis neospinosa Tang
51	Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I	Aulacaspis divergens (Takahashi)
–	Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I	Aulacaspis maesae Takagi