Tara Gomes1, Diana Martins2, Mina Tadrous3, J Michael Paterson4, Baiju R Shah5, Jack V Tu6, David N Juurlink7, Anna Chu8, Muhammad M Mamdani9. 1. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 2. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 3. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 5. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada6Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada7Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 6. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada7Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada8Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 7. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada6Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada7Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada9Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 8. The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada7Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 9. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada7Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada10St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
Importance: Given their high costs, payers have considered implementing quantity limits for reimbursement of blood glucose test strips. The effect of these limits on patient outcomes is unknown. Objective: To determine whether the introduction of quantity limits for blood glucose test strips in August 2013 was associated with changes in clinical outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional time series analysis from April 2008 to March 2015 of residents of Ontario, Canada, aged 19 years and older with diabetes who were eligible for public drug coverage. In a sensitivity analysis, we studied high-volume users of test strips, who were most likely to be affected by the quantity limits. Exposures: Eligible patients were stratified into 4 mutually exclusive groups based on diabetes therapy: insulin, hypoglycemia-inducing oral diabetes agents, nonhypoglycemia-inducing oral diabetes agents, and no drug therapy. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was emergency department visits for hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, and the secondary outcome was mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Outcomes were measured for all patients in each quarter, stratified by age group (<65 vs ≥65 years) and diabetes therapy. Results: By the end of the study period, 834 309 people met inclusion criteria. Among those younger than 65 years, the rate of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia declined over the study period (from 4.9 to 3.0 visits per 1000 Ontario drug benefit [ODB]-eligible patients and from 4.2 to 3.6 visits per 1000 ODB-eligible patients, respectively) and was not significantly associated with the introduction of quantity limits (P = .67 and P = .37, respectively). Similarly, among those aged 65 years and older, rates of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia declined over the study period (from 2.9 to 1.3 visits per 1000 eligible patients and from 0.8 to 0.5 visits per 1000 eligible patients, respectively) and was not significantly associated with the introduction of quantity limits (P = .12 and P = .24, respectively). Results were consistent for the secondary outcome of mean HbA1c levels and in the sensitivity analysis of high-volume test strip users. Conclusions and Relevance: The imposition of quantity limits for blood glucose test strips was not associated with worsening short-term outcomes, suggesting that these policies can reduce costs associated with test strips without causing patient harm.
Importance: Given their high costs, payers have considered implementing quantity limits for reimbursement of blood glucose test strips. The effect of these limits on patient outcomes is unknown. Objective: To determine whether the introduction of quantity limits for blood glucose test strips in August 2013 was associated with changes in clinical outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional time series analysis from April 2008 to March 2015 of residents of Ontario, Canada, aged 19 years and older with diabetes who were eligible for public drug coverage. In a sensitivity analysis, we studied high-volume users of test strips, who were most likely to be affected by the quantity limits. Exposures: Eligible patients were stratified into 4 mutually exclusive groups based on diabetes therapy: insulin, hypoglycemia-inducing oral diabetes agents, nonhypoglycemia-inducing oral diabetes agents, and no drug therapy. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was emergency department visits for hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, and the secondary outcome was mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Outcomes were measured for all patients in each quarter, stratified by age group (<65 vs ≥65 years) and diabetes therapy. Results: By the end of the study period, 834 309 people met inclusion criteria. Among those younger than 65 years, the rate of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia declined over the study period (from 4.9 to 3.0 visits per 1000 Ontario drug benefit [ODB]-eligible patients and from 4.2 to 3.6 visits per 1000 ODB-eligible patients, respectively) and was not significantly associated with the introduction of quantity limits (P = .67 and P = .37, respectively). Similarly, among those aged 65 years and older, rates of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia declined over the study period (from 2.9 to 1.3 visits per 1000 eligible patients and from 0.8 to 0.5 visits per 1000 eligible patients, respectively) and was not significantly associated with the introduction of quantity limits (P = .12 and P = .24, respectively). Results were consistent for the secondary outcome of mean HbA1c levels and in the sensitivity analysis of high-volume test strip users. Conclusions and Relevance: The imposition of quantity limits for blood glucose test strips was not associated with worsening short-term outcomes, suggesting that these policies can reduce costs associated with test strips without causing patient harm.
Authors: Amol A Verma; Yishan Guo; Janice L Kwan; Lauren Lapointe-Shaw; Shail Rawal; Terence Tang; Adina Weinerman; Peter Cram; Irfan A Dhalla; Stephen W Hwang; Andreas Laupacis; Muhammad M Mamdani; Steven Shadowitz; Ross Upshur; Robert J Reid; Fahad Razak Journal: CMAJ Open Date: 2017-12-13
Authors: Diana Martins; Wayne Khuu; Mina Tadrous; David N Juurlink; Muhammad M Mamdani; J Michael Paterson; Tara Gomes Journal: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf Date: 2019-03-14 Impact factor: 2.890
Authors: Diana Martins; Wayne Khuu; Mina Tadrous; Simon Greaves; Beth Sproule; Nikki Bozinoff; David N Juurlink; Muhammad M Mamdani; J Michael Paterson; Tara Gomes Journal: Pain Date: 2022-01-01 Impact factor: 6.961