Tendon-Derived Extracellular Matrix Enhances Transforming Growth Factor-β3-Induced Tenogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

Because of the limited and unsatisfactory outcomes of clinical tendon repair, tissue engineering approaches using adult mesenchymal stem cells are being considered a promising alternative strategy to heal tendon injuries. Successful and functional tendon tissue engineering depends on harnessing the biochemical cues presented by the native tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) and the embedded tissue-specific biofactors. In this study, we have prepared and characterized the biological activities of a soluble extract of decellularized tendon ECM (tECM) on adult adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), on the basis of histological, biochemical, and gene expression analyses. The results showed that tECM enhances the proliferation and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3-induced tenogenesis of ASCs in both plate and scaffold cultures in vitro, and modulates matrix deposition of ASCs seeded in scaffolds. These findings suggest that combining tendon ECM extract with TGF-β3 treatment is a possible alternative approach to induce tenogenesis for ASCs.