Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease.

Methylprednisolone administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg is a standard first-line systemic therapy for grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Lower dose methylprednisolone or prednisone, at doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg, is also accepted as a first-line therapy for mild acute GVHD. Response rates of grade II to IV acute GVHD to systemic corticosteroid therapy in Japanese patients range from 40-70%, depending on the donors. No improvement within 5 days after first-line therapy or progression within 3 days after first-line therapy could make patients eligible for second-line treatment. However, due to there being few treatment options for steroid-resistant acute GVHD, decisions to initiate second-line treatment are on occasion made 2-3 weeks after first-line therapy in Japan. Previous studies do not support the choice of any specific agent for second-line treatment of acute GVHD. Anti-thymocyte globulin and mesenchymal stem cells are covered by health insurance in Japan. Establishment of new evidence for GVHD treatment is required.