High-throughput bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and production of silver and selenium nanoparticles using genetically engineered Pichia pastoris.

A genetically modified Pichia pastoris strain overexpressing a metal-resistant variant of cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme was developed for silver and selenium biosorption and for nanoparticle production. The maximum recombinant enzyme expression level was approximately 31 IU/ml in the intercellular fluid after 24 h of incubation, and the capacity of the recombinant biomass for the biosorption of silver and selenium in aqueous batch models were measured as 163.90 and 63.71 mg/g, respectively. The ions were reduced in the presence of enzyme, leading to the formation of stable 70-180 nm metal nanoparticles. Various instrumental analyses confirmed the well-dispersed and crystalline nature of the spherical nanometals. The purified silver and selenium nanoparticles exhibited at least 10-fold less cytotoxicity toward HDF, EPG85-257, and T47D cells than silver nitrate and selenium dioxide. These results revealed that the engineered Pichia strain is an eco-friendly, rapid, high-throughput, and versatile reduction system for nanometal production.