A Mussel-Inspired Conductive, Self-Adhesive, and Self-Healable Tough Hydrogel as Cell Stimulators and Implantable Bioelectronics.

A graphene oxide conductive hydrogel is reported that simultaneously possesses high toughness, self-healability, and self-adhesiveness. Inspired by the adhesion behaviors of mussels, our conductive hydrogel shows self-adhesiveness on various surfaces and soft tissues. The hydrogel can be used as self-adhesive bioelectronics, such as electrical stimulators to regulate cell activity and implantable electrodes for recording in vivo signals.