Lulu Xie1, Hongyi Kang1, Maiken Nedergaard1. 1. Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. As a consequence, several excellent rodent models have been developed to gain insight into the pathophysiology of stroke and testing the efficacy of neuroprotective interventions. However, one potential problem is that albeit roughly 80% of strokes occur in awake patients, all existing murine stroke models employ anesthesia. Moreover, epidemiological studies have shown that stroke injury is more severe in the minority of patients that suffer stroke while asleep. To better mimic the clinical situation, it is therefore preferable to analyze the pathobiology of experimental stroke in awake animals. NEW METHOD: This model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in awake mice is based on insertion of an intraluminal suture via the external carotid artery during isoflurane anesthesia. Isoflurane is discontinued during the 60 min MCAO while cerebral blood flow is continuously monitored using laser doppler in the awake unrestrained mouse. RESULTS: Sixty minutes of awake MCAO model reliably induced infarction in striatum and cortex (relative infarct volume is 24.34% of contralateral hemisphere volume; absolute infarct volume is 47.94 mm3). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: The animals in this method are awake during the one hour occlusion period, which may provide a more translational research approach than existing methods that apply anesthesia during the occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Since the state of brain activity likely affects stroke injury and most anesthetics have neuroprotective effects, this model more accurately mimics the condition during which the majority of human ischemic stroke occurs.
BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. As a consequence, several excellent rodent models have been developed to gain insight into the pathophysiology of stroke and testing the efficacy of neuroprotective interventions. However, one potential problem is that albeit roughly 80% of strokes occur in awake patients, all existing murine stroke models employ anesthesia. Moreover, epidemiological studies have shown that stroke injury is more severe in the minority of patients that suffer stroke while asleep. To better mimic the clinical situation, it is therefore preferable to analyze the pathobiology of experimental stroke in awake animals. NEW METHOD: This model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in awake mice is based on insertion of an intraluminal suture via the external carotid artery during isoflurane anesthesia. Isoflurane is discontinued during the 60 min MCAO while cerebral blood flow is continuously monitored using laser doppler in the awake unrestrained mouse. RESULTS: Sixty minutes of awake MCAO model reliably induced infarction in striatum and cortex (relative infarct volume is 24.34% of contralateral hemisphere volume; absolute infarct volume is 47.94 mm3). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: The animals in this method are awake during the one hour occlusion period, which may provide a more translational research approach than existing methods that apply anesthesia during the occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Since the state of brain activity likely affects stroke injury and most anesthetics have neuroprotective effects, this model more accurately mimics the condition during which the majority of human ischemic stroke occurs.
Authors: Hiroaki Sakai; Huaxin Sheng; Robert B Yates; Kazuyoshi Ishida; Robert D Pearlstein; David S Warner Journal: Anesthesiology Date: 2007-01 Impact factor: 7.892
Authors: Bruce C V Campbell; Peter J Mitchell; Timothy J Kleinig; Helen M Dewey; Leonid Churilov; Nawaf Yassi; Bernard Yan; Richard J Dowling; Mark W Parsons; Thomas J Oxley; Teddy Y Wu; Mark Brooks; Marion A Simpson; Ferdinand Miteff; Christopher R Levi; Martin Krause; Timothy J Harrington; Kenneth C Faulder; Brendan S Steinfort; Miriam Priglinger; Timothy Ang; Rebecca Scroop; P Alan Barber; Ben McGuinness; Tissa Wijeratne; Thanh G Phan; Winston Chong; Ronil V Chandra; Christopher F Bladin; Monica Badve; Henry Rice; Laetitia de Villiers; Henry Ma; Patricia M Desmond; Geoffrey A Donnan; Stephen M Davis Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2015-02-11 Impact factor: 91.245